The clergy of ancient Egypt was made up of a multitude of priests[notes 1][notes 2] and priestesses[1] who worshipped the many gods of the Egyptian religion.
Function
In Egyptian thought, the gods shape the Earth and establish a harmonious order (Maat) that allows the miracle of life to unfold day after day. It's up to Pharaoh alone, a descendant of the gods, to ensure the continuity of this harmony and to combat the forces of Evil that continually seek to break it. Pharaoh is the only intermediary between the divinities and mortals. Since the maintenance of divine harmony requires numerous daily services throughout the land of Egypt, Pharaoh alone cannot ensure its material execution. This is the fundamental role of the priest: to replace Pharaoh in the material execution of daily rites.[2]
Pharaoh was also one of the first to worry about the meaning of his dreams. He therefore entrusted a reading priest, a very important figure, with their interpretation, which could determine state policy.
Hierarchy
Pharaoh is the first of the holy. He appoints the leaders of the great sanctuaries, for he needs to control this powerful clergy, veritable dynasties in which the priests inherit the office from father to son. This clergy is highly hierarchical; priests are appointed by their peers and senior officials.[3] Newly invested priests were required to demonstrate a sound knowledge of theology, medicine, and astronomy. Thus, the priests of Ra were reputed to have been particularly well-versed in the knowledge of the heavens. Thanks to their libraries, the temples of the gods were also those of knowledge.[4]
Presiding over the temple's destiny, overseeing the daily ritual and administering the god's lands, the priests form a privileged, carefully hierarchical.[notes 4][6]
The colleges were placed under the authority of a high priest who bore, rather than a title, a specific epithet:
the pontiff of Heliopolis is described as the "Greatest of the Seers of Ra",
The priests of the high clergy attached to a temple are organized into four colleges who take turns each month in the service of the god.
Most of these priests held hereditary positions. Most of this vocabulary is of Greek origin, thanks to Ptolemaic texts.[8] Among them are the following specialists:
At the bottom of the hierarchy are the priests-ouâb (wˁb), literally pure priests, as bodily cleanliness was a duty of their office. Thus, shaving one's hair was a distinguishing mark for priests, underlining their quest for purity, as was daily depilation.
The priests were assisted by clerics, the purifiers, in charge of preparing the food offered to the god, as well as by musicians and singers dedicated to his entertainment.
When not on duty, the priests looked after the estates entrusted to them by the Pharaoh.
Ritual
The priests begin their day of worship with a purifying morning bath. They then proceed in procession to the heart of the temple to awaken the god who slumbers in the darkness of the sanctuary.
Led by the high priest, the ritual begins just as the sun appears over the horizon. The clay seal that seals the door every evening must first be broken before the door leaves are opened. The high priest raises his hands towards the statue to "give back his soul" to the god, and pronounces a consecrated formula: "Awaken, great god, awaken in peace!" The food offerings prepared for the god are then placed before him: bread, onions, salads, beef, beer, and wine. When the god has consumed the invisible matter of the food, it is distributed among the other gods in the temple and then eaten by the priests.
When the priest performs these gestures, it is Pharaoh, and all Egypt below him, who becomes the god's entire servant. Whether priest or Pharaoh himself, the officiant stands before the altar, barefoot so as not to defile the place with his soles. He holds the kherep scepter of consecration, the hedj club, traditional in this kind of ceremony, and extends his hand over the offerings. Breakfast is followed by dressing and anointing.
On leaving, footprints are swept from the floor.
In addition to this daily ceremony, there are two other rendezvous with the god, at midday and in the evening. But these are limited to ritual gestures, sprinkling water, and smoking incense outside the sanctuary: the god must be honored, but not disturbed in his meditation.
Priestesses
Although Herodotus asserted that "No woman exercises the priesthood of a god or goddess...", it is known that women in ancient Egypt participated, in various capacities, in the service of divinities.[10]
In Dynasty 5, Hetpet was a priestess of Hathor. However, there's no way of determining her exact place in the clerical hierarchy or the role she might have played within it.
In the New Kingdom, priestesses who were the king's daughters or king's wives were referred to as Divine Worshippers of Amun; but from the beginning of the New Kingdom,[11] the Theban cult of Amun used Divine Worshippers of Amun of non-royal blood as female auxiliaries, the "singers of the interior of Amun" (hezyt net khenou in Imen):
^Kurt Heinrich Sethe et Hans Wolfgang Helck, Urkundendes Ägyptischen Altertums, volume IV: Urkunden de 18. Dynastie, G. Steindorff (éd.), Leipzig, Berlin, 1906-1961, 483, 6
^Sauneron, Serge (1998). Les prêtres de l'ancienne Égypte. Points Série histoire (Nouv. éd., reprod ed.). Paris: Éd. du Seuil. ISBN978-2-02-034779-2.
^Stèle du Caire 20538, II, c, 7: jnk (...) sm, wˁb-ḏbˁ.w
^Although the word priest is commonly used to designate the ancient Egyptians who worked in the service of the gods, it can be misleading, as their function was so far from that of Catholic priests in Western culture.
^ḥm-nṯr literally person of the god, an expression translated by the Greeks as "prophet".
