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Diphosphane

This article is about P2H4. For coordination chemistry of its substituted derivatives, see diphosphines.
Diphosphane
Stereo structural formula of diphosphane with explicit hydrogens
Stereo structural formula of diphosphane with explicit hydrogens
Ball-and-stick model of diphosphane
Ball-and-stick model of diphosphane
Names
IUPAC name
Diphosphane
Systematic IUPAC name
Diphosphane (substitutive)
Tetrahydridodiphosphorus(P—P) (additive)
Other names
Diphosphine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
  • InChI=1S/H4P2/c1-2/h1-2H2 ☒N
    Key: VURFVHCLMJOLKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ☒N
  • PP
Properties
H4P2
Molar mass 65.980 g·mol−1
Melting point −99 °C (−146 °F; 174 K)
Boiling point 63.5 °C (146.3 °F; 336.6 K) (Extrapolated, decomposes)
Related compounds
Other anions
 ammonia
hydrazine
triazane
Other cations
 diphosphines
Related Binary Phosphorus halides
 diphosphorus tetrafluoride
diphosphorus tetrachloride
diphosphorus tetrabromide
diphosphorus tetraiodide
Related compounds
 phosphane
triphosphane
diphosphene
diphosphenes
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Diphosphane, or diphosphine, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula P2H4. This colourless liquid is one of several binary phosphorus hydrides. It is the impurity that typically causes samples of phosphine to ignite in air.

Properties, preparation, reactions

Diphosphane adopts the gauche conformation (like hydrazine, less symmetrical than shown in the image) with a P−P distance of 2.219 angstroms. It is nonbasic, unstable at room temperature, and spontaneously flammable in air. It is only poorly soluble in water but dissolves in organic solvents. Its 1H NMR spectrum consists of 32 lines resulting from an A2XX'A'2 splitting system.[1]

Diphosphane is produced by the hydrolysis of calcium monophosphide, which can be described as the Ca2+ derivative of P4−2. According to an optimized procedure, hydrolysis of 400 g of CaP at −30 °C gives about 20 g of product, slightly contaminated with phosphine.

Reaction of diphosphane with butyllithium affords a variety of condensed polyphosphine compounds.

Organic diphosphanes

A variety of organic derivatives of diphosphane are known, but asymmetric diphosphanes are only stable at cryogenic temperatures. Otherwise, the substituents facily redistribute on the phosphorus centers to give a mixture of products. On the other hand, there appears to be a substantial barrier to chiral inversion.[2]

The central bond is weak, and easily adds substituents.[3]

The simplest synthesis method heats a phosphorus halide and a phosphane:

Ph2PCl + HPPh2 → Ph2P-PPh2 + HCl↑

Alkali metals can replace the hydrogen in that reaction (i.e., a dialkylphosphide), and in some rare cases a dialkylamine can replace the halide. Symmetric diphosphanes are easily prepared by reductive coupling, e.g. tetraphenyldiphosphine from chlorodiphenylphosphine:

2 ClPPh2 + 2 Na → Ph2P−PPh2 + 2 NaCl

Ultraviolet radiation decomposes mercury(II) dialkylphosphides to the metal and a dialkylphosphane.[4]

The methyl compound P2Me4 is prepared by the reduction of Me2P(S)−P(S)Me2, which is produced by methylation of thiophosphoryl chloride with methylmagnesium bromide.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Marianne Baudler, Klaus Glinka (1993). "Monocyclic and polycyclic phosphines". Chem. Rev. 93 (4): 1623–1667. doi:10.1021/cr00020a010.
  2. ^ Phosphorus: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology, Sixth Edition, 2013, D.E.C. Corbridge, CRC Pres, Taylor Francis Group, ISBN 978-1-4398-4088-7. pp. 421-422.
  3. ^ Corbridge 2013, p. 422.
  4. ^ Corbridge 2013, pp. 421–422.
  5. ^ Butter, S. A.; Chatt, J. (1974). "Ethylenebis(dimethylphosphine)". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 15. p. 185. doi:10.1002/9780470132463.ch41. ISBN 9780470132463. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
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