James Charles IngramAO (27 February 1928 – 15 February 2023) was an Australian diplomat, philanthropist and author whose career culminated in his post as the eighth executive director of the World Food Programme (WFP), a position which he occupied for ten years.[1]
Ingram grew up in Melbourne, attending De La Salle College in Malvern having been awarded a Victorian Government Junior Scholarship. He won a Senior Government Scholarship to the University of Melbourne from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and political science. He undertook postgraduate studies at the Australian National University in Canberra in international relations.[2]
Diplomatic career
James Ingram was executive director of the World Food Programme, a major operational program of the United Nations system, from 1982 to 1992. He held the personal rank of UN Under Secretary General. He is the only Australian to have headed such a UN organisation.[3] Before that appointment, Ingram was the chief executive officer of the Australian Development Assistance Bureau (ADAB), the second of several names applied over the years to the organisation managing Australia's international development assistance programs.
Ingram's career with the Department of External Affairs (as it was then known as) began in 1946 with his selection as a diplomatic cadet on the basis of competitive public written and oral examinations. He was the youngest appointed under the cadetship scheme. His first diplomatic appointment was to Tel Aviv (1950–53) following his marriage. Subsequent postings were to Washington DC (1956–59); Brussels (1959-60), where he was Charge d’affaires responsible for opening Australia's Mission to the then European Economic Community and Embassy to Belgium; Jakarta (1962–64); and the Australian Mission to the United Nations New York (1964–66). On return to Canberra, Ingram was Assistant Secretary in the Department of Foreign Affairs responsible for East and South Asia, the Americas, the South Pacific, and Asia and Pacific Council (ASPAC) affairs.[citation needed]
In 1970, Ingram was appointed Australian Ambassador to the Philippines and in 1973 Australian High Commissioner to Canada and concurrently non-resident High Commissioner in the then-newly independent Caribbean nations of Jamaica, Barbados, Guyana and the Bahamas, and Australian representative on the newly established, now defunct, International Bauxite Association.[citation needed]
CEO of Australian aid program
Ingram's service in developing countries and at the United Nations, where he had been the Australian representative on the Executive Boards of UNICEF, UNDP and UNCTAD, had convinced him that Australia's development cooperation program and overseas trade policy were critical components of Australia's foreign policy, although they were not always sufficiently recognised as such by responsible ministers and top officials. He was therefore pleased to be appointed in 1975 to the newly created Australian Development Assistance Agency (ADAA) and in 1977 as head of the renamed agency ADAB (Australian Development Assistance Bureau). In seeking to improve the quality of Australia's bilateral aid and increase its support for selected multilateral aid organisations Ingram worked closely with Sir John Crawford. Their efforts ultimately led, inter alia, to the creation of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), as well as more effective utilisation of the educational and research resources of Australian universities.[4]
United Nations career
Ingram served two five-year terms as executive director, i.e. chief executive, of the UN World Food Programme from 1982 to 1992. Under his leadership the organisation changed its focus from food for work and associated development projects to humanitarian assistance in support of victims of natural disasters and persons displaced by internal conflict and war. Today the WFP is the “world’s largest humanitarian agency” [5] both in terms of the numbers helped and the cost of so doing. Most of the food distributed is bought from developing countries and much supplied to beneficiaries through cash vouchers. The transformation of WFP would not have been possible without the constitutional and other changes brought about over the course of Ingram's tenure: “Through his initiatives, each a tipping point in a ten-year deliberate strategy, Ingram laid the foundation for his successors to complete the transformation process”.[6]
Retirement
In retirement Ingram maintained his interest in international development, agricultural, and humanitarian aid issues and in Australian foreign policy. He was especially active in support of the Australian Institute of International Affairs (AIIA), the Crawford Fund, the ANU's Asia-Pacific College of DiplomacyArchived 26 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine and the University of New South Wales which established the Ingram Fund for International Law and Development in 2002 as a permanent endowment in the Faculty of Law. He advised Australian ministers personally and as a member of advisory committees on development and humanitarian issues including:
1994 – 96: Member, Aid Policy Advisory Committee to Minister for Development Cooperation and Pacific Affairs.
1994 – 95: Chairman, Non-Government Development Organisations Code of Practice Advisory Committee to Minister for Development Cooperation.
Ingram has also served on numerous international boards and entities including:
1989 – 93: Member, International Commission on Peace and Food.
1988 – 94: Member, Governing Council, Society for International Development.
1994 – 95: Member, Commonwealth Inter-Governmental Group on the Global Humanitarian Order, London.
'Food and disaster relief: Issues of management and policy'. 1988. Jour of Disaster Studies and Management, 12 (1).
'Sustaining refugees' human dignity: International responsibility and practical reality'. 1989. Jour of Refugee Studies, 2 (3).
'The role of multilateral organisations: The African experience'. 1991. Outlook on Agriculture, 20 (4).
'The future architecture of international humanitarian assistance'. 1993. In Larry Minear and Thomas Weiss (eds.), Humanitarianism Across Borders, Boulder and London: Lynne Reinner.
'International humanitarian assistance'. 1993. Working Paper No. 138, Peace Research Centre, Australian National University.
'Development assistance and social change'. 1993. In Laksiri Jayasuriya and Michael Lee (eds.), Social Dimensions of Development, Bentley, W.A.: Paradigm Books.
'The politics of human suffering'. 1993. The National Interest, Spring, Washington D.C.
'The international response to humanitarian emergencies. 1994. In Kevin Clements and Robin Ward (eds.), Building International Community: Cooperating for Peace, St. Leonards, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
'Development and the politics of aid'. 1994. Australian Retrospective on Aid, Australian National University.
'Feeding a more crowded, warmer and interdependent world: An enduring challenge for the United Nations'. 1995. Melbourne University Law Review, 20 (1).
'Re-thinking the future architecture for international humanitarian assistance'. 1997. In Nassrine Azimi (ed.), Humanitarian Action and Peace-keeping Operations, London, The Hague and Boston: Kluwer International Law.
Books
Bread and Stones: Leadership and the Struggle to Reform the United Nations World Food Programme. Charleston, South Carolina, USA: BookSurge. 2007. ISBN978-1-4196-2595-4.
Further reading
Jack Corbett. 2017. Australia’s Foreign Aid Dilemma: Humanitarian aspirations confront democratic legitimacy, Oxford and New York: Routledge.
Lindsay Falvey. 2012. Derek Tribe: International Agricultural Scientist: Founder of the Crawford Fund, Canberra: The Crawford Fund for International Agricultural Research and The Institute for International Development.
D. John Shaw. 2011. The World’s Largest Humanitarian Organisation: The Transformation of the UN World Food Programme and of Food Aid, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Olav Stokke. 2009. The UN and Development: From Aid to Cooperation, Bloomington, USA: Indiana University Press.
Sandy Ross. 2011. The World Food Programme in Global Politics, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner/First Forum Press, pp. 101–122.
Mark W. Charlton. 1992. 'Innovation and inter-organisational politics: the case of the World Food Programme', International Journal, XLVII (Summer), Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Toronto, Canada.
^See 'James Ingram and the World Food Programme', p. 209, in Chad Mitcham. 2012. 'Australia and development cooperation at the United Nations: Towards Poverty Reduction', in James Cotton and David Lee (Eds.) Australia and the United Nations', Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia
^Jack Corbett. 2012. Australia’s Foreign Aid Dilemma: Humanitarian aspirations confront democratic legitimacy, Routledge, Oxford and New York, 2017, pp 44-50. Lindsay Falvey. 2012. Derek Tribe: International Agricultural Scientist: Founder of the Crawford Fund, The Crawford Fund for International Agricultural Research and The Institute for International Development, Canberra, pp 35 et.al.)
^D. John Shaw. 2011. The World’s Largest Humanitarian Organisation: The Transformation of the UN World Food Programme and of Food Aid, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 52-79. See also Olav Stokke. 2009. The UN and Development: From Aid to Cooperation, Bloomington, USA: Indiana University Press, chapters 8 and 13, and Sandy Ross. 2011. The World Food Programme in Global Politics, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner/First Forum Press, pp 101-122.
