List of Boraginales of South Africa

Boraginales is a valid taxonomic name at the rank of order for a group of flowering plants. It includes Boraginaceae and closely related asterid families. The Boraginales include about 125 genera, 2,700 species and its herbs, shrubs, trees and lianas (vines) have a worldwide distribution. In the 2016 APG IV system Boraginales is an order with only one family Boraginaceae, which includes the former family Codonaceae. At the time of the APG IV consensus there was insufficient support to divide this monophyletic group further.^[1]

The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.^[2]

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.^[3] Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.^[4]

The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).^[5]

One family is represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.

Boraginaceae

Family: Boraginaceae

Afrotysonia

Genus Afrotysonia:^[5]

Afrotysonia africana (Bolus) Rauschert, endemic
Afrotysonia glochidiata (R.R.Mill) R.R.Mill, indigenous

Amsinckia

Genus Amsinckia:^[5]

Amsinckia calycina (Moris) Chater, not indigenous
Amsinckia menziesii (Lehm.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr. not indigenous
Amsinckia retrorsa Suksd. not indigenous

Anchusa

Genus Anchusa:^[5]

Anchusa azurea Mill. not indigenous
Anchusa capensis Thunb. indigenous
Anchusa riparia A.DC. indigenous

Buglossoides

Genus Buglossoides:^[5]

Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M.Johnst. not indigenous

Codon

Genus Codon:^[5]

Codon royenii L. indigenous
Codon schenckii Schinz, indigenous

Coldenia

Genus Coldenia:^[5]

Coldenia procumbens L. indigenous

Cordia

Genus Cordia:^[5]

Cordia africana Lam. indigenous
Cordia caffra Sond. indigenous
Cordia grandicalyx Oberm. indigenous
Cordia monoica Roxb. indigenous
Cordia ovalis R.Br. ex A.DC. indigenous
Cordia quercifolia Klotzsch, indigenous
Cordia sinensis Lam. indigenous

Cynoglossum

Genus Cynoglossum:^[5]

Cynoglossum alticola Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & J.R.Drumm. not indigenous
Cynoglossum austroafricanum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
Cynoglossum geometricum Baker & C.H.Wright, indigenous
Cynoglossum hispidum Thunb. indigenous
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk. indigenous
Cynoglossum obtusicalyx Retief & A.E.van Wyk, endemic
Cynoglossum spelaeum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous

Echiostachys

Genus Echiostachys:^[5]

Echiostachys ecklonianus (H.Buek) Levyns, endemic
Echiostachys incanus (Thunb.) Levyns, endemic
Echiostachys spicatus (Burm.f.) Levyns, endemic

Echium

Genus Echium:^[5]

Echium candicans L.f. not indigenous; cultivated, invasive
Echium plantagineum L. not indigenous, invasive
Echium simplex DC. not indigenous
Echium vulgare L. not indigenous, invasive

Ehretia

Genus Ehretia:^[5]

Ehretia alba Retief & A.E.van Wyk, indigenous
Ehretia amoena Klotzsch, indigenous
Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst. ex A.DC. indigenous
Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce, indigenous
- Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce subsp. nervifolia Retief & A.E.van Wyk, indigenous
- Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce subsp. rigida, endemic
- Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce subsp. silvatica Retief & A.E.van Wyk, endemic

Heliotropium

Genus Heliotropium:^[5]

Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl, not indigenous, invasive
Heliotropium burmanni Roem. & Schult. accepted as Heliotropium tubulosum E.Mey. ex A.DC. present
Heliotropium capense Lehm. accepted as Heliotropium supinum L. present
Heliotropium ciliatum Kaplan, indigenous
Heliotropium curassavicum L. not indigenous
Heliotropium europaeum L. not indigenous, invasive
Heliotropium giessii Friedr.-Holzh. indigenous
Heliotropium hereroense Schinz, indigenous
Heliotropium indicum L. not indigenous
Heliotropium lineare (A.DC.) Gurke, indigenous
Heliotropium nelsonii C.H.Wright, indigenous
Heliotropium ovalifolium Forssk. indigenous
Heliotropium steudneri Vatke, indigenous
Heliotropium strigosum Willd. indigenous
Heliotropium supinum L. not indigenous
Heliotropium tubulosum E.Mey. ex A.DC. indigenous
Heliotropium zeylanicum (Burm.f.) Lam. indigenous

Lappula

Genus Lappula:^[5]

Lappula capensis (A.DC.) Gurke, indigenous
Lappula cynoglossoides (Lam.) Gurke, accepted as Lappula capensis (A.DC.) Gurke, present
Lappula eckloniana Brand, accepted as Lappula capensis (A.DC.) Gurke, present
Lappula heteracantha Ledeb. not indigenous
- Lappula squarrosa (L.) Dumort. subsp. heteracantha (Ledeb.) Chater, accepted as Lappula heteracantha Ledeb. not indigenous

Lithospermum

Genus Lithospermum:^[5]

Lithospermum affine A.DC. endemic
Lithospermum afromontanum Weim. indigenous
Lithospermum cinereum A.DC. indigenous
Lithospermum diversifolium A.DC. indigenous
Lithospermum flexuosum Lehm. indigenous
Lithospermum hirsutum E.Mey. ex A.DC. endemic
Lithospermum inornatum A.DC. accepted as Lithospermum cinereum A.DC. present
Lithospermum papillosum Thunb. indigenous
Lithospermum scabrum Thunb. endemic

Lobostemon

Genus Lobostemon:^[5]

Lobostemon argenteus (P.J.Bergius) H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon belliformis M.H.Buys, endemic
Lobostemon bolusii Levyns, accepted as Lobostemon capitatus (L.) H.Buek, present
Lobostemon capitatus (L.) H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon collinus Schltr. ex C.H.Wright, endemic
Lobostemon curvifolius H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon daltonii M.H.Buys, endemic
Lobostemon decorus Levyns, endemic
Lobostemon echioides Lehm. endemic
Lobostemon fruticosus (L.) H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon glaber (Vahl) H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon glaucophyllus (Jacq.) H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon gracilis Levyns, endemic
Lobostemon grandiflorus (Andrews) Levyns, accepted as Lobostemon regulareflorus (Ker Gawl.) M.H.Buys, present
Lobostemon hispidus DC. & A.DC. accepted as Lobostemon glaber (Vahl) H.Buek, present
Lobostemon horridus Levyns, endemic
Lobostemon hottentoticus Levyns, endemic
Lobostemon inconspicuus Levyns, accepted as Lobostemon capitatus (L.) H.Buek, present
Lobostemon laevigatus (L.) H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon lucidus (Lehm.) H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon marlothii Levyns, endemic
Lobostemon montanus H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon muirii Levyns, endemic
Lobostemon oederiaefolius A.DC. endemic
Lobostemon paniculatus (Thunb.) H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon paniculiformis A.DC. endemic
Lobostemon pearsonii Levyns, accepted as Lobostemon glaucophyllus (Jacq.) H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon regulareflorus (Ker Gawl.) M.H.Buys, endemic
Lobostemon sanguineus Schltr. endemic
Lobostemon stachydeus A.DC. indigenous
Lobostemon strigosus (Lehm.) H.Buek, endemic
Lobostemon trichotomus (Thunb.) DC. endemic
Lobostemon trigonus (Thunb.) H.Buek, endemic

Myosotis

Genus Myosotis:^[5]

Myosotis afropalustris C.H.Wright, indigenous
Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, not indigenous, invasive
Myosotis discolor Pers. not indigenous
Myosotis galpinii C.H.Wright, indigenous
Myosotis graminifolia A.DC. indigenous
Myosotis semiamplexicaulis A.DC. indigenous
Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. & Schult. not indigenous, invasive
Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. not indigenous

Phacelia

Genus Phacelia:^[5]

Phacelia artemisioides Griseb. not indigenous

Rochelia

Genus Rochelia:^[5]

Rochelia disperma (L.f.) K.Koch, not indigenous

Symphytum

Genus Symphytum:^[5]

Symphytum bulbosum K.F.Schimp. not indigenous

Trichodesma

Genus Trichodesma:^[5]

Trichodesma africanum (L.) Lehm. indigenous
Trichodesma angustifolium Harv. indigenous
- Trichodesma angustifolium Harv. subsp. angustifolium, indigenous
Trichodesma physaloides (Fenzl) A.DC. indigenous
Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm.f.) R.Br. indigenous

Wellstedia

Genus Wellstedia:^[5]

Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. indigenous
- Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. subsp. dinteri, indigenous
- Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. var. dinteri, accepted as Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. subsp. dinteri, present
- Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. var. gracilior Hunt, accepted as Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. subsp. gracilior (D.R.Hunt) Retief & A.E.van Wyk

Wigandia

Genus Wigandia:^[5]

Wigandia caracasana Kunth, accepted as Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth var. caracasana (Kunth) Gibson, not indigenous, invasive
Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth var. caracasana (Kunth) Gibson, not indigenous, invasive

References

^ APG (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
^ Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082.
^ Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.

[APG_IV-1] APG (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.

[Doyle_and_Donoghue_1986-2] Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082.

[Butler_2019-3] Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.

[PlantZAfrica-4] "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.

[Plants_2018-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.

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