After the Russian doping scandal, athletes from Russia were unable to perform under their own flag and anthem and to use the country's name during several Summer and Winter Olympic Games. Despite the same initial reason for these sanctions, during this period Russian athletes competed at various Olympiads under different names. In 2017, the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended for the 2018 Winter Olympics, Russian government officials were barred from the Games, and individual Russian athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the Olympic flag and anthem as Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR).[1] In 2018, the Russian Olympic Committee was reinstated, but because of the outcome of a decision by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the subsequent decision of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS),[2] Russian athletes participated at the 2020 Summer Games and 2022 Winter Games under the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee and the acronym "ROC", using fragments of Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 as an anthem.
Sources outside the IOC may group the performances of "OAR" and "ROC" at the Olympics,[3][4] considering them as performances of the same team in the context of a single reason for the appearance of this team.
^On 29 January 2024, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) disqualified figure skater Kamila Valieva for four years retroactive to 25 December 2021 for an anti-doping rule violation. On 30 January 2024, the International Skating Union (ISU) reallocated medals to upgrade the United States to gold and Japan to silver, while downgrading the ROC to bronze.
