Uridine is regarded as a non-essential nutrient, as it is produced by the human body as needed and supplementation is not generally recommended, though it has been explored for specific applications.[3]
Some foods that contain uridine in the form of RNA are listed below. Although claimed that virtually none of the uridine in this form is bioavailable "since – as shown by Handschumacher's Laboratory at Yale School of Medicine in 1981[4] – it is destroyed in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, and no food, when consumed, has ever been reliably shown to elevate blood uridine levels'. This is contradicted by Yamamoto et al.,[5] plasma uridine levels rose 1.8-fold 30 minutes after beer ingestion, suggesting, at the very least, conflicting data. On the other hand, ethanol on its own (which is present in beer) increases uridine levels, which may explain the raise of uridine levels in the study by Yamamoto et al.[6]
In infants consuming mother's milk or commercial infant formulas, uridine is present as its monophosphate, UMP,[7] which is both bioavailable[8] and able to enter the circulation from the digestive tract.[citation needed]
Consumption of RNA-rich foods may lead to high levels of purines (adenine and guanosine) in blood. High levels of purines are known to increase uric acid production and may aggravate or lead to conditions such as gout.[14]
Harvard researchers report that omega-3 fatty acids and uridine, two substances in foods such as fish, walnuts, molasses, and sugar beets, prevented depression in rats as effectively as antidepressant drugs. "Giving rats a combination of uridine and omega-3 fatty acids produced immediate effects that were indistinguishable from those caused by giving the rats standard antidepressant medications," said lead author of the study William Carlezon, director of McLean's Behavioral Genetics Laboratory.[15][16]
Galactose glycolysis
Uridine plays a role in the glycolysis pathway of galactose.[17] There is no catabolic process to metabolize galactose. Therefore, galactose is converted to glucose and metabolized in the common glucose pathway. Once the incoming galactose has been converted into galactose 1-phosphate (Gal-1-P), it is involved in a reaction with UDP-glucose, a glucose molecule bonded to uridine diphosphate (UDP). This process is catalyzed by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase and transfers the UDP to the galactose molecule. The end result is UDP-galactose and glucose-1-phosphate. This process is continued to allow the proper glycolysis of galactose.
^Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. (2002). "Section 25.1In de Novo Synthesis, the Pyrimidine Ring Is Assembled from Bicarbonate, Aspartate, and Glutamine". Biochemistry (5th ed.). W H Freeman.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Ka T, Fukuchi M, Hada T (2002). "Effect of beer on the plasma concentrations of uridine and purine bases". Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 51 (10): 1317–23. doi:10.1053/meta.2002.34041. PMID12370853.
^Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, Yamakita J, Tsutsumi Z, Ohata H, Hiroishi K, Nakano T, Higashino K (1997). "Effect of ethanol and fructose on plasma uridine and purine bases". Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 46 (5): 544–7. doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90192-x. PMID9160822.
^Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Ka T, Fukuchi M, Hada T (October 2002). "Effect of beer on the plasma concentrations of uridine and purine bases". Metab Clin Exp. 51 (10): 1317–23. doi:10.1053/meta.2002.34041. PMID12370853.
