ซากอารยธรรมที่ขุดค้นของโมเหนโจดาโร ในแคว้นสินธ์ ประเทศปากีสถาน ในภาพคือโรงอาบน้ำใหญ่ ของเล่นจากฮารัปปา อายุราว c. 2500 BCE อารยธรรมลุ่มแม่น้ำสินธุ (อังกฤษ : Indus Valley Civilisation ; IVC ) เป็นอารยธรรม ยุคสัมริด ในภูมิภาคตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือของเอเชียใต้ ดำรงอยู่ตั้งแต่ราว 3300 BCE ถึง 1300 BCE และยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดในช่วงปี 2600 BCE ถึง 1900 BCE[ a] อียิปต์โบราณ และ เมโสโปเตเมีย เป็นสามอารยธรรมยุคเริ่มแรกของโลก พื้นที่ที่เคยเป็นอารยธรรมลุ่มแม่น้ำสินธุนั้นในปัจจุบันอยู่ในพื้นที่ของประเทศอัฟกานิสถาน , ส่วนใหญ่ของประเทศปากีสถาน และทางตะวันตกถึงตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือของประเทศอินเดีย [ b] ที่ลุ่ม ริมแม่น้ำสินธุ ซึ่งไหลผ่านตลอดประเทศปากีสถานและระบบแม่น้ำที่มีน้ำตลอดทั้งปี ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่ได้น้ำจากมรสุม และแม่น้ำตามฤดูกาล แม่น้ำกากการ์-ฮากรา
เมืองต่าง ๆ ของอารยธรรมเป็นที่รู้จักในฐานะเมืองที่มีการวางผังเมือง, บ้านที่สร้างจากอิฐอบ, ระบบระบายน้ำและชลประทานที่ซับซ้อน, กลุ่มของอาคารที่ไม่ใช่เพื่อการอยู่อาศัย และวิธีการใหม่ ๆ ในหัตถกรรม (ผลิตภัณฑ์จากคาร์เนเลียน และการสลักตราประทับ) และความสามารถในการแยกโลหะออกจากแร่ (ทองแดง, สำริด, ตะกั่ว, ดีบุก) เมืองใหญ่สองแห่งของอารยธรรมคือโมเฮนโจ-ดาโร และ ฮารัปปา เป็นไปได้ว่ามีประชากรมากถึง 30,000 และ 60,000 คน[ c] [ d]
↑ Wright: "Mesopotamia and Egypt ... co-existed with the Indus civilization during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 BC."
↑ Wright: "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."
↑ Dyson: "Mohenjo-daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30,000 and 60,000 people (perhaps more in the former case). Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities. That said, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas. At the height of the Indus valley civilization the subcontinent may have contained 4-6 million people."
↑ McIntosh: "The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase; by the end of the Mature Harappan period, the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between 1 and 5 million, probably well below the region's carrying capacity."
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