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ALD-52

ALD-52
Clinical data
Other names1-Acetyl-N,N-diethyllysergamide, ALD, N-acetyl-LSD, Acetyl lysergic acid diethylamide, d-acetyl lysergic acid diethylamide, d-acetyldiethyllysergamide
Routes of
administration		Oral
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: Unscheduled
  • BR: Class F2 (Prohibited psychotropics)[1]
  • CA: Unscheduled
  • DE: NpSG (Industrial and scientific use only)
  • UK: Class A
  • US: Unscheduled, could be persecuted under the Federal Analogue Act.
  • Unscheduled in the most countries of the world, Illegal in France, Romania, Switzerland, Finland and Singapore[2]
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolismhepatic
Excretionrenal
Identifiers
  • (6aR,9R)-4-Acetyl-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC22H27N3O2
Molar mass365.477 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(n1cc2c3c(C4=C[C@@H](C(=O)N(CC)CC)CN([C@@H]4C2)C)cccc13)C
  • InChI=1S/C22H27N3O2/c1-5-24(6-2)22(27)16-10-18-17-8-7-9-19-21(17)15(13-25(19)14(3)26)11-20(18)23(4)12-16/h7-10,13,16,20H,5-6,11-12H2,1-4H3/t16-,20-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:FJOWXGYLIWJFCH-OXQOHEQNSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

ALD-52, also known as 1-acetyl-LSD, has chemical structural features similar to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a known psychedelic drug.[3][4] Similarly, ALD-52 has been reported to produce psychoactive effects, but its pharmacological effects on humans are poorly understood. Given its psychoactive properties, it has been reported to be consumed as a recreational drug, and the purported first confirmed detection of the substance on the illicit market occurred in April 2016.[4][5]

ALD-52 was initially synthesized in 1957 by Albert Hofmann, who is accredited as the first individual to have synthesised LSD, a chemical analogue of ALD-52. Until the rise in popularity of psychedelics in the 1960s, ALD-52 was not widely studied.[6] It is assumed to act as a prodrug to LSD in humans, but this has yet to be scientifically verified.[7]

Effects

In Entry 26 of his compendium TiHKAL, which discussed LSD, chemist Alexander Shulgin touched briefly on the subject of ALD-52. His comments there are vague, second-hand accounts saying doses in the 50–175 μg range have resulted in various conclusions. One account found that there was less visual distortion than with LSD and it seemed to produce less anxiety and tenseness and that it was somewhat less potent. One subject claimed it was more effective in increasing blood pressure, and another could not tell them apart.[8]

Safety

In The Hallucinogens by Hoffer and Osmond (1967), ALD-52 is listed as having a lower (approximately 1/5) intravenous toxicity (in rabbits), a lower (approximately 1/8) pyretogenic effect, an equal psychological effect in humans, and double the "antiserotonin" effect as compared with LSD. Human experiments have not been well documented.[medical citation needed]

History

In a Reddit AMA with the director of the movie The Sunshine Makers, Tim Scully says:[9]

The Orange Sunshine we delivered was LSD 25. ALD 52 was an ill-advised desperate defense strategy that failed miserably... The story of Orange Sunshine is complicated by the fact that The Brotherhood distributed LSD from more than one manufacturer as Orange Sunshine. Nick and I made the original Orange Sunshine in Windsor. That was the last lab I worked in making LSD. Ron Stark managed several LSD labs in Europe and most of his output was tableted and sold as Orange Sunshine. At least some of the LSD that his labs made was not pure.

Tim Scully has confirmed that the speculation below is incorrect.

The Orange Sunshine variety of LSD that was widely available in California through 1968 and 1969 was produced in the Sonoma County underground chemistry lab of Tim Scully and Nicholas Sand. It was shut down by the police, and Scully was arrested and prosecuted. This resulted in the first drug analogue trial, where Scully claimed that he and his partners did nothing illegal, because they were producing ALD-52, which was not an illicit drug. However, as the prosecution claimed, there were problems with such a rationale—ALD-52 was claimed to readily undergo hydrolysis to LSD, and secondly, the synthesis of ALD-52 required LSD. (The second point was based on the methods available in the scientific literature at the time). Scully was convicted and served time in prison.

ALD-52

Austria

ALD-52 is technically not illegal but it may fall in the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich) as an analogue of LSD.

Denmark

ALD-52 is not listed as an illegal substance in Denmark as of April 2019, and its chemical class 'lysergamide' is not banned under the Analogue Act (some LSD analogues are, however, prohibited).[10]

Finland

ALD-52 is labeled a controlled psychoactive substance in Finland as of 2014.[11]

Germany

ALD-52 is controlled under the NpSG as of July 18, 2019.[12][13] Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized.[14]

Latvia

ALD-52 is illegal in Latvia. Although it is not officially scheduled, it is controlled as an LSD structural analog due to an amendment made on June 1, 2015.[15]

Romania

1P-LSD is illegal to produce or sell in Romania. It is not included directly in the list of controlled substances, but it is included in an analogue act. However, it is not, as of yet, classified as illegal to use.

Singapore

ALD-52 is a class A controlled drug, and is illegal to traffic, manufacture, import, export, possess, or consume in Singapore as of December 1, 2019, punishable with a minimum of five years' imprisonment and five strokes of the cane.[16]

Switzerland

Since March 2018, ALD-52 is illegal in Switzerland and has been put in the RS 812.121.11.

United Kingdom

On June 10, 2014, the UK Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) recommended that ALD-52 be specifically named in the UK Misuse of Drugs Act as a class A drug despite not identifying it as ever having been sold or any harm associated with its use.[17] The UK Home office accepted this advice and announced a ban of the substance to be enacted on 6 January 2015 as part of The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2014.

United States

ALD-52 is unscheduled in the United States. It may be considered an analogue of LSD, a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act. As such, the sale for human consumption or the use for illicit non-medical or scientific use could be prosecuted as crimes under the Federal Analogue Act however could be legal for medical and research uses like a research chemical.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Anvisa (2023-07-24). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  2. ^ "Arrêté du 20 mai 2021 modifiant l'arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants". www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). 20 May 2021.
  3. ^ Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, McCorvy JD, Meyer MR, Wagmann L, et al. (August 2020). "Pharmacological and biotransformation studies of 1-acyl-substituted derivatives of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)". Neuropharmacology. 172: 107856. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107856. PMC 9191647. PMID 31756337. S2CID 208155327.
  4. ^ a b Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, McCorvy JD, Meyer MR, Wagmann L, et al. (August 2020). "Pharmacological and biotransformation studies of 1-acyl-substituted derivatives of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)". Neuropharmacology. 172: 107856. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107856. PMC 9191647. PMID 31756337.
  5. ^ "EMCDDA–Europol 2016 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA | www.emcdda.europa.eu". www.emcdda.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  6. ^ Troxler F, Hofmann A (1957). "Substitutionen am Ringsystem der Lysergsäure I. Substitutionen am Indol-Stickstoff. 43. Mitteilung über Mutterkornalkaloide" [Substitutions on the ring system of lysergic acid I. Substitutions on the indole nitrogen. 43. Communication on ergot alkaloids]. Helvetica Chimica Acta (in German). 40 (6): 1706–1720. doi:10.1002/hlca.19570400619.
  7. ^ Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, McCorvy JD, Meyer MR, Wagmann L, et al. (August 2020). "Pharmacological and biotransformation studies of 1-acyl-substituted derivatives of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)". Neuropharmacology. 172: 107856. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107856. PMC 9191647. PMID 31756337.
  8. ^ Shulgin A, Shulgin A (September 1997). TiHKAL: The Continuation. Berkeley, California: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-9-9. OCLC 38503252.
  9. ^ "I'm filmmaker Cosmo Feilding Mellen. I made The Sunshine Makers, a documentary about Tim Scully, who was jailed for trying to turn on the world using LSD. Expand your mind... Ask us anything!". ask me anything. reddit. 30 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-03-26.
  10. ^ "Samlet liste over euforiserende stoffer opført på bilag 1 til bekendtgørelsen om euforiserende stoffer nr. 557 af 31. maj 2011 og stoffer reguleret herefter via ændringsbekendtgørelser" [Comprehensive list of euphoric substances listed in Appendix 1 to the Executive Order on Euphoric Substances No 557 of 31 May 2011 and substances regulated thereafter via amendments] (in Danish). June 13, 2018. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  11. ^ "Valtioneuvoston asetus kuluttajamarkkinoilta kielletyistä psykoaktiivisista aineista" (in Finnish). 2014. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2022-02-13.
  12. ^ "Änderungen NpSG vom 18 July 2019 durch Artikel 1 der Verordnung zur Änderung der Anlage des Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetzes und von Anlagen des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes". www.buzer.de. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  13. ^ "Anlage NpSG – Einzelnorm". www.gesetze-im-internet.de. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  14. ^ "§ 4 NpSG – Einzelnorm". www.gesetze-im-internet.de. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  15. ^ "Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem". LIKUMI.LV (in Latvian). Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  16. ^ "Changes to Misuse Of Drugs Act (w.e.f. 1 December 2019)". www.cnb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  17. ^ ACMD (10 June 2014). "Update of the Generic Definition for Tryptamines" (PDF). UK Home Office. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  18. ^ "Erowid Analog Law Vault: Federal Controlled Substance Analogue Act Summary". www.erowid.org. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
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