The Middle East has been proposed as the most likely origin for this lineage rather than East Africa or North Africa.
In fact E-M34 seems to be restricted to Semitic speakers in Ethiopia, as it has not been detected in other populations in the region such as
Somalia, Kenya (Cruciani et al. 2004).
Distribution
E-M123 is best known for its major sub-clade E-M34, which dominates this clade.[Note 1] However, earlier studies did not test for E-M34. Looking beyond its geographical patterns, E-M123 is also quite common in many Semitic language communities, including among Ashkenazi, Ethiopian, and SephardicJews, accounting for over 10% of all male lines (Semino et al. 2004).
Region and Population
N
E-M34
Study
Natufians (Northern Israel, 10,000 ybp)
5
40-100 (incomplete data)
Lazaridis et al. 2016
Jordanians (Dead sea)
45
31.1
Flores et al. 2005
Ethiopian Amhara
34
23.5
Cruciani et al. 2004
Maronite Cypriot
57
21.05
Comparative Y-chromosome analysis among Cypriots in the context of historical events and migrations. 2021
Libyan Jews
20
20.0
Shen et al. 2004
Greek Cypriot
344
13.10
Y-chromosomal analysis of Greek Cypriots reveals a primarily common pre-Ottoman paternal ancestry with Turkish Cypriots. 2017
Such cases are relatively rare, but the following have been reported.
Cruciani et al. (2004) located one individual in Bulgaria after testing 3401 individuals from five continents (of which 116 were Bulgarian), and Underhill et al. (2000) located one individual in Central Asia out of 1062 people tested, including 184 from Central Asia and Siberia.
In a 568-person study in Iberia, Flores et al. (2005) found two E-M123* individuals, both in Northern Portugal out of 109 people tested there.
In a 553-person study of Portugal, Gonçalves et al. (2005) also found two E-M123* individuals in Northern Portugal, out of 101 people, as well as 2 in Madeira out of 129 people tested there.
Semino et al. (2004) reports relatively high levels of 13% in the Albanian community of Cosenza, in Calabria. A notably high regional frequency for E-M123 was in Oman, where it is apparently the dominant clade of E-M35.
Luis et al. (2004) found 12 men out of 121 there were E-M123 positive, while in Egypt there were 7 out of 147. But in that study the Omani E-M123 diversity implied a younger age than the E-M123 found in Egypt. (Cruciani et al. (2004) tested for E-M34 in Oman and found 7.7% to be E-M34+, with no E-M123*.)
Di Gaetano et al. (2009) found 4.66% overall in their 236-person study of Sicily, with higher levels in the east of the island. They found none in Trapani (33 people), Alcamo (24 people), and Cacamo (16 people) along the west of the north coast; 3.23% in San Ninfa (31 people) inland in the west; 3.57% in Sciacca (28 people) and Ragusa (28 people) along the south coast; and then high levels in the east in Troina (10% of 30 people), Piazza Armerina (10.71% of 28 people), as well as near the Southwestern extreme facing Africa at Mazaro de Vallo (11.11% of 18 people).
Adams et al. (2008) found 11 E-M123 people in their 1140-person study of Iberia: 1 out of 95 Eastern Andalusians; 1 out of 100 NW Castilians; 1 out of 80 Catalans; 2 out of 52 Extramadurans; 2 out of 60 Northern Portuguese, 1 out of 78 Southern Portuguese, 1 out of 73 Southern Portuguese; 1 out of 73 Valencians; and highest levels apparently in the Balearics with 5 out of 37 Minorcans and 4 out of 54 Ibizans. There were none in Majorca (62 people), Gascony (24), Galicia (88), NE Castile (31), Castilla la Mancha (63), The Basque Country (116), the Asturias (20), West Andalucia (73), and Aragon (34).
Contu et al. (2008) found 9 out of 323 people in 3 areas of Sardinia. 4 out of 187 in Cagliari, 1 out of 103 in Sorgono, and 4 out of 86 in Tempio.
Shen et al. (2004) found 10 out of 169 Israelis and Palestinians of various ancestry to be M123+ and M34+, with the highest level group being 4 out of 20 Israeli Jews of Libyan ancestry
And E-M34 has sometimes been tested without testing for M123:
According to Cruciani et al. (2004), E-M34 is found at small frequencies in North Africa and Southern Europe (6.6% in Sicily for example), and has its highest concentration in Ethiopia and the Near East (with highest levels in Oman and Turkey). However, because the diversity is apparently low in Ethiopia, the authors suggest that E-M34 was likely introduced into Ethiopia from the Near East.
In Turkey, Cinnioğlu et al. (2004) found slightly more E-M34 (29) than E-M78 (26) out of 523 individuals tested (a far different E1b1b population than found in the nearby Balkans).
Gonçalves et al. (2005) found about the same levels of E-M34 in Portugal as E-M123*, but E-M34 mainly in Central Portugal (4 people out of 102 tested there) with one more person found in the Açores.
Strikingly, Flores et al. (2005) found 14 out of 45 men tested in the Dead Sea area of Jordan to be M34 positive (31.1%), while in the capital Amman there were only 4 out of 101.
Cadenas et al. (2007) found 8.1% of 62 men tested in Yemen were positive for M34, compared to much lower levels in Qatar (1.4%) and the UAE (3.1%).
Arredi et al. (2004) in their study of 275 men in Northern Africa found 2 out of 148 Tunisians from Tunis, 2 out of 19 Algerian Berbers from Tizi Ouzu in Kabylie (10.5%), and 3 out of 44 North Egyptians, 4 out of 29 South Egyptians (So 9.5% in all Egyptians).
Martinez et al. (2007) found 3 in their 168-person study of Crete, 2 in Heraklion and 1 in Lasithi.
Regueiro et al. (2006) found one in South Iran out of 117 people, and none in North Iran out of 33 people.
Zalloua et al. (2008) found 26 E-M123 cases in Cyprus, out of 164 men tested; and 27 Palestinians out of 291 tested. This was apparently higher than the level of E-M78.
Subclades of E-M34
E-M84, defined by SNP mutation M84, with M136 defining a sub-clade as of October 2008.[4] The E-M35 Phylogeny Projectestimates based on testing so far (in January 2009) that E-M84 is dominant in 6 out of the 8 clusters of E-M34 which that project identifies.
E-V23, defined by SNP mutation V23. Trombetta et al. (2011) announced the discovery of this clade. They found it in two African individuals. The authors warned that they had not yet confirmed that this clade was not a sub-clade or parent clade of either M84 or M290, so the phylogenetic position E1b1b1c1c is tentative.
Ancient DNA
According to the genetic analyses done on six Natufian remains from Northern Israel, the Natufians carried the Y-DNA haplogroup E-Z830, a somewhat upwind clade of E-M123 (and therefore ancestral to it).[5] The Natufians were one of the first settled peoples in the world and may have contributed to the domestication of certain crops, and thus the advent of agriculture. The discovery of E-Z830 (without other clades) suggests an indigenous presence in Canaan and Israel that predates all other clades, which are not known to have existed in the region at the time (10,000 years before present). E-M123 is thought to have a TMRCA about 18,000 years ago,[6] 8,000 years before the Natufian (possibly ancestral) remains are from.
HaplogroupE1b1b1b2 has been found in 75% of the 'Ain Ghazal population, along with 60% of PPNB populations circa 8,800–6,500 BC. (See: 'Ain Ghazal).
A study on population genomics of Anatolia, the Caucasus and the Levant found in Arslantepe one individual who lived circa 3369-3110 BC, who belonged to E-M84 (E1b1b1b2a1a1~).[7][8]
A study on population genomics of Anatolia, the Caucasus and the Levant found in the ancient city of Ebla during the Bronze Age, one male individual who is E-M84 (E1b1b1b2a1a1~).[10]
A study on South Asian history, Narasimhan et al. (2019),[11] found several individuals who belonged to E-Y31991 in Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age samples in the Swat valley, modern north Pakistan.
A 137-sample study of ancient Eurasian genomes found one Central Scythian who belonged to E-M123* (E-Y31991), in modern northeast Kazakhstan, dated from 800-750BC.[12] According to the BAM file, made available by the authors, he's presumed to be E-Y168273,[13] a clade downstream of PF4428 which is itself under E-M123*.
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
^Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID24166809. S2CID23291764.
^K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID11062480. S2CID12893406.
Alvarez; Santos, Cristina; Montiel, Rafael; Caeiro, Blazquez; Baali, Abdellatif; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Aluja, Maria Pilar (2009), "Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: Insights into the North African contribution", American Journal of Human Biology, 21 (3): 407–409, doi:10.1002/ajhb.20888, PMID19213004, S2CID7041905
Arredi, B; Poloni, E; Paracchini, S; Zerjal, T; Fathallah, D; Makrelouf, M; Pascali, V; Novelletto, A; Tylersmith, C (2004), "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa", American Journal of Human Genetics, 75 (2): 338–345, doi:10.1086/423147, PMC1216069, PMID15202071
Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2008), "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe", European Journal of Human Genetics, 17 (6): 820–830, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249, PMC2947100, PMID19107149
Behar, Doron M.; Garrigan, Daniel; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Mobasher, Zahra; Rosengarten, Dror; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Ostrer, Harry; Skorecki, Karl; Hammer, Michael F. (1 March 2004). "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations". Human Genetics. 114 (4): 354–365. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7. PMID14740294. S2CID10310338.
Beleza, Sandra; Gusmao, Leonor; Lopes, Alexandra; Alves, Cintia; Gomes, Iva; Giouzeli, Maria; Calafell, Francesc; Carracedo, Angel; Amorim, Antonio (March 2006). "Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic History of Portuguese Male Lineages". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (2): 181–194. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x. PMID16626329. S2CID4652154.
Bosch, Elena; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David; Oefner, Peter J.; Underhill, Peter A.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2001), "High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between north-western Africa and the Iberian Peninsula", Am J Hum Genet, 68 (4): 1019–1029, doi:10.1086/319521, PMC1275654, PMID11254456
Bosch, E.; Calafell, F.; Gonzalez-Neira, A.; Flaiz, C.; Mateu, E.; Scheil, H.-G.; Huckenbeck, W.; Efremovska, L.; Mikerezi, I.; Xirotiris, N.; Grasa, C.; Schmidt, H.; Comas, D. (July 2006). "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (4): 459–487. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x. PMID16759179. S2CID23156886.
Cadenas; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman", European Journal of Human Genetics, 16 (3): 1–13, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934, PMID17928816
Caratti; Gino, S.; Torre, C.; Robino, C. (2009), "Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application", International Journal of Legal Medicine, 123 (4): 357–360, doi:10.1007/s00414-009-0350-y, PMID19430804, S2CID5657112
Capelli, Cristian; Onofri, Valerio; Brisighelli, Francesca; Boschi, Ilaria; Scarnicci, Francesca; Masullo, Mara; Ferri, Gianmarco; Tofanelli, Sergio; et al. (2009), "Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe", European Journal of Human Genetics, 17 (6): 848–852, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.258, PMC2947089, PMID19156170
Cruciani; La Fratta; Torroni; Underhill; Scozzari (2006), "Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): A Posteriori Evaluation of a Microsatellite-Network-Based Approach Through Six New Biallelic Markers", Human Mutation, 27 (8): 831–2, doi:10.1002/humu.9445, PMID16835895, S2CID26886757
Di Gaetano; Cerutti, Francesca; Crobu, Carlo; Robino (2009), "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome", European Journal of Human Genetics, 17 (1): 91–99, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120, PMC2985948, PMID18685561
Firasat; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006), "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan", European Journal of Human Genetics, 15 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726, PMC2588664, PMID17047675
Flores; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Larruga, Jose M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Karadsheh, Naif; Gonzalez, Ana M. (2005), "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan", J Hum Genet, 50 (9): 435–441, doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4, PMID16142507
Francalacci, P.; Morelli, L.; Underhill, P.A.; Lillie, A.S.; Passarino, G.; Useli, A.; Madeddu, R.; Paoli, G.; et al. (2003), "Peopling of Three Mediterranean Islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) Inferred by Y-Chromosome Biallelic Variability", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 121 (3): 270–279, doi:10.1002/ajpa.10265, PMID12772214
Fregel, Rosa; Gomes, Verónica; Gusmão, Leonor; González, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Amorim, António; Larruga, Jose M (2009), "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9 (1): 181, Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..181F, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181, PMC2728732, PMID19650893
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Gonçalves, Rita; Freitas, Ana; Branco, Marta; Rosa, Alexandra; Fernandes, Ana T.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Kivisild, Toomas; Brehm, António (July 2005). "Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (4): 443–454. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. hdl:10400.13/3018. PMID15996172. S2CID3229760.
Jobling, M.A.; Tyler-Smith, C. (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes the human Y chromosome, disease and selection", Trends Genet., 16 (8): 356–362, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID10904265
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