Share to:

 

List of active separatist movements in Europe

Supporters of Catalan independence in Barcelona in October 2019
Scottish independence supporters in Glasgow. Scotland held an independence referendum on 18 September 2014

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.

Albania

Main article: Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order

In 2024, Edi Rama, the Prime Minister of Albania, announced plans to create an independent European microstate enclaved within Tirana to serve as a headquarters for the Bektashi Order with Baba Mondi as the head of state. The state, called the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order, would require approval from the Parliament of Albania and an amendment to the Constitution of Albania to declare independence.[5]

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Lezgistan

Belgium

Communities:
  Flemish Community
  Flemish and French Community
  French Community
  German-speaking Community
Main article: Partition of Belgium
Autonomist movements

 Flanders

 Wallonia

Secessionist movements
Further information: Partition of Belgium

 Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes  Brussels-Capital Region)

Main articles: Flemish Movement and Greater Netherlands

 Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes  Brussels-Capital Region)

Main articles: Walloon Movement and Rattachism

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Main article: Partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Secessionist movements

 Republika Srpska

Main article: Proposed secession of Republika Srpska
Autonomist movements

Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia

Main article: Croat entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatia

The Istria County in Croatia.
Autonomist movements

Istria County[24]

Main article: Istrian identity

Cyprus

The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish Cypriots
Main article: Cyprus dispute
See also: Turkish invasion of Cyprus

The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus

Czechia

 Moravia

Denmark

Faroe Islands
For movements in Greenland, see List of active separatist movements in North America

 Faroe Islands

Main article: Faroese independence movement

Minor Movements

Bornholm

Finland

Åland

 Åland

France

See also: List of active separatist movements in North America § France, List of active separatist movements in South America § France, List of active separatist movements in Africa § France, and List of active separatist movements in Oceania § France
Secessionist movements
Location of the Basque Country

French Basque Country/ Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Main articles: Basque nationalism and Basque Country independence
Location of Brittany

Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and  Loire-Atlantique

Main articles: Breton nationalism and Reunification of Brittany
Location of Corsica

 Corsica

Main articles: Corsican nationalism and corsican autonomy
See also: Italian irredentism in Corsica
The Dutch-language Taalgebied (Sprachraum), including northern French Flanders

French Flanders

Main article: Flemish nationalism
Location of Provence

 Provence

Catalonia Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales

Savoy

Etat Pied-Noir

Location of Limousin

 Limousin[60][61]

Autonomist movements
Location of Normandy

 Alsace

Main article: Alsace independence movement

Normandy

Savoy

 Occitania

Location of Franché-Comte

Franche Comté

Further information (in French): Nationalisme franc-comtois [fr]

 Alpes-Maritimes[76]

Further information (in French): Nationalisme niçois [Fr]

 Picardy

Georgia

Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.
Main article: Russo-Georgian War

Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict

Javakheti

Germany

Bavaria
Saxony

Bavaria

Main article: Bavarian nationalism

 Saxony

Lusatia

 Lusatia

 East Frisia

 Franconia

Hungary

Romani

Italy

Further information: Italian unification
Friuli
Friuli-Venezia Giulia region

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Main article: Friulian Front
Lombardy

Lombardy

Main article: Lombard nationalism
Northern Italy
Proposed nation of Padania, light blue includes the regions of Tuscany, Umbria and Marche

Northern Italy

Main article: Padanian nationalism
Southern Italy

Southern Italy

Sicily

 Sicily

Main article: Sicilian nationalism
South Tyrol

 South Tyrol

Main article: South Tyrolean secessionist movement

 Savoy

Tuscany

 Tuscany

Veneto

 Veneto

Main article: Venetian nationalism
Free Territory of Trieste, which legally ceased to exist in 1977 after the Treaty of Osimo

 Trieste

Aosta Valley

 Aosta Valley

Sardinia

 Sardinia

Romagna (shown in green) in the Emilia-Romagna region
Romagna

Romagna

Lithuania

Samogitia

Malta

Gozo

Moldova

Transnistria
Breakaway state

 Transnistria

Main article: Transnistria War

 Gagauzia

Montenegro

Sandzak

Netherlands

Location of Friesland
See also: List of active separatist movements in North America § Netherlands

Frisia

Poland

  Ruch Autonomii Śląska
(With striped Czech Silesia)
  Kashubia
  Ruch Autonomii Mazur

Silesia

Kashubia and Pomerania

Masuria

Greater Poland

Portugal

 Azores[167]

Romania

Transylvania and Banat[169]

Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)

Székely Land

The historical Székely seats on the map of present-day Romania
Main article: Székely autonomy movement

Partium

Russia

Main articles: Separatism in Russia and Proposed federal subjects of Russia
See also: Separatism in Russia and List of active separatist movements in Asia § Russia

Secessionist movements:
Adygea[187]

Arkhangelsk Oblast

Arkhangelsk Oblast[188]

  • People: Pomors
    • Proposed state: Pomorie, Bjarmia
      • Advocacy group: Pomoṙska Slobóda[189]
Bashkortostan

Bashkortostan

 Chechnya

Dagestan

Ingushetia

Kaliningrad Oblast[195]

Kalmykia

Republic of Kalmykia

Republic of Karelia

 Republic of Karelia[198]

Krasnodar Krai

Krasnodar Krai[188]

Leningrad Oblast

Leningrad Oblast[201]

Mari El[204][205]

Mordovia[205]

North Caucasian Federal District

Tatarstan[201]

Rostov Oblast

Rostov Oblast

Udmurtia[205]

Volga Federal District

Russian-occupied Ukraine

Main article: Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine

 Republic of Crimea and  Sevastopol

 Donetsk People's Republic,  Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)

Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast,[214][215][216]

Serbia

Kosovo (marked in red)
Province of Vojvodina (marked in red)
Secessionist movements

 Kosovo

Main article: International recognition of Kosovo
Autonomist movements

Vojvodina Vojvodina

Main article: Vojvodina Autonomist Movement
Main article: Hungarian Regional Autonomy

Sandžak

Preševo Valley

Slovakia

Linguistic makeup of Slovakia, according to Census 2011
Autonomist movements

Southern Slovakia:

  • People: Hungarians
    • Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[226] or unification with  Hungary

Spain

Further information: National and regional identity in Spain
See also: List of active separatist movements in Africa § Spain
Regions in Spain with autonomist or separatist movements
proposed extent of the Catalan country
Secessionist movements

Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque Country (autonomous community) and  Navarre

Main articles: Basque nationalism and Basque independence

 Catalonia[229]

Main articles: Catalan nationalism; Catalan independence; Catalan independence referendum, 2017; and Catalan declaration of independence

Galicia (Spain) Galicia[230]

Main articles: Galicianism, Galician nationalism, and Galician independence

Valencian Community Valencia

Main articles: Valencianism, Valencian nationalism, and Catalan nationalism

 Aragon[233]

 Balearic Islands[234]

 Andalusia[235]

Main article: Andalusian nationalism

 Asturias[236]

Autonomist movements

Cartagena

León

Province of Granada[238]

Sweden

Scania

Scania

Switzerland

Main article: Languages of Switzerland
The seven Jura districts in Switzerland
The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map
Autonomist movements

Jura region

See also: Jura separatism

Ukraine

Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
Share of ethnic Russians in Ukraine
Main articles: Russo-Ukrainian War and 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

 Autonomous Republic of Crimea and  Sevastopol

Main article: Political status of Crimea

 Donetsk Oblast,  Luhansk Oblast

Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast[242]

Main articles: Regionalism in Ukraine and Rusyns § Autonomist and separatist movement

Carpathian Ruthenia[244][245][246][247]

United Kingdom

Main articles: Separatism in the United Kingdom, Federalism in the United Kingdom, Countries of the United Kingdom, and Potential breakup of the United Kingdom
See also: Devolution in the United Kingdom and List of active separatist movements in Africa § United Kingdom
Countries of the United Kingdom
Map of current local administrative units in the United Kingdom
Cornwall
Northern England
North East England
Yorkshire
The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100
Isle of Man
Major movements

 England

Main article: English independence
See also: English nationalism, English independence, and Devolved English parliament

Northern Ireland

Main article: Ulster nationalism
See also: Irish nationalism, Irish republicanism, United Ireland, Ulster Independence Movement, The Troubles, and Dissident Irish Republican campaign

 Scotland

See also: Scottish nationalism, Scottish independence, Scottish independence referendum 2014, Proposed second Scottish independence referendum, and Devolution in Scotland

 Wales

See also: Welsh nationalism and Welsh independence
Minor movements

 Cornwall[274]

See also: Cornish nationalism, Cornish devolution, Constitutional status of Cornwall, and Cornish Assembly

Northern England

See also: Devolution to the North of England and North–South divide in the United Kingdom

Midlands

London

Main article: London independence

Fife

Autonomist movements

Canvey Island

Cynon Valley[dubious – discuss]

Gwynedd

 Isle of Wight

 Shetland

 Yorkshire

North East England

  • People: People of North East England

 Wessex

 Orkney Islands

Separatist movements of dependent territories

 Gibraltar

 Isle of Man[311]

Main article: Manx nationalism

See also

References

  1. ^ "Separatism", Free Dictionary
  2. ^ Merriam; Webster, "Separatism", Dictionary
  3. ^ "Separatism", The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, Encyclopedia, 2008
  4. ^ Harris, Jerry (2009). The Nation in the Global Era Conflict and Transformation. Brill. p. 320. ISBN 978-90-04-17690-4.
  5. ^ Higgens, Andrew (21 September 2024). "Albania Is Planning a New Muslim State Inside Its Capital". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  6. ^ "UNPO: Talysh". unpo.org. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  7. ^ "Azerbaijan authorities must release Talysh activists | Amnesty International". 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  8. ^ Regering in ballingschap ondersteunt strijd in Azerbeidzjan. // Vluchtelingen Dag krant. — Netherlands, 20.06.2019. — P. 4.
  9. ^ Demirdjian, Z. S. Andrew (25 May 2021). "Lezgistan: Lurking threat to Azerbaijan". Keghart. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  10. ^ "Lezgin Leader Assassinated in Dagestan". Jamestown. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  11. ^ "Lezgins in Azerbaijan". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  12. ^ Times, The Brussels. "Bart De Wever wants more autonomy in Flanders". www.brusselstimes.com.
  13. ^ Times, The Brussels. "Walloons are for greater autonomy, but against separation". www.brusselstimes.com.
  14. ^ a b Times, The Brussels. "Nearly 40% of Flemish would vote for independence". www.brusselstimes.com.
  15. ^ Times, The Brussels. "Reunify Flanders and the Netherlands, argues Bart De Wever". www.brusselstimes.com. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  16. ^ Tom van Grieken over het herenigen van De Nederlanden, 24 October 2019, retrieved 15 June 2023
  17. ^ "What if Wallonia became French in 2024?". Le Monde.fr. 10 May 2022.
  18. ^ Kwast, Ricus van der (18 May 2023). "Le Wallon peut-il être heureux sans identité propre?". Slate.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  19. ^ Srna (11 August 2015). "Anketa: Više od polovine ispitanika za samostalnost RS, vole Dodika, a vjeruju crkvi". Nezavisne novine (in Serbian). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  20. ^ Service, RFE/RL's Balkan. "Dodik Says He Wants Bosnian Serb Entity To 'Unite' With Serbia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  21. ^ Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. Diane. 2004. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4289-1020-1.
  22. ^ Zdeb, Aleksandra (2016). "The Need to Have Something 'Of Their Own': Croat Parallel Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Swiss Political Science Review. 22 (4): 545–564. doi:10.1111/spsr.12231.
  23. ^ Rose, Eleanor (30 January 2017). "Bosniaks Slap Down Calls for Bosnian Croat Entity". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  24. ^ "Istarska autonomija i zagrebački 'histerični centralizam'".
  25. ^ Šoštarić, Tomislav. "Istarska autonomija i zagrebački 'histerični centralizam'". balkans.aljazeera.net.
  26. ^ Boban Valečić, Iva (27 October 2017). "Autonomija Istre kakvu zaziva Jakovčić je neustavna". Večernji list (in Croatian).
  27. ^ "IDS-ov zastupnik Emil Daus: AUTONOMIJA ISTRE RIJEŠILA BI VEĆINU PROBLEMA NAŠIH GRAĐANA!". Glas Istre (in Croatian). 23 September 2019.
  28. ^ "Ankara slams Turkish Cypriot leader for remarks, Akıncı backs his words - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. 10 February 2020.
  29. ^ "Türkiye halkına göre Kıbrıs sorunun çözümü: "KKTC'nin Türkiye'ye bağlanması"". Kıbrıs Postası. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  30. ^ "Erdogan visits Northern Cyprus, calls for two-state solution for island". Reuters. 15 November 2020.
  31. ^ "In Moravia, Bohemians are warned to Czech their privilege". euronews. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  32. ^ a b Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris. "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  33. ^ "From the Czech Republic to 'Czechia': Shaping Modern Identity | European Futures". www.europeanfutures.ed.ac.uk. 26 April 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  34. ^ "The Faroe Islands: Independence dreams, globalist separatism and the Europeanization of postcolonial home rule".
  35. ^ Sorens, Jason (13 February 2012). Secessionism: Identity, Interest, and Strategy. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-8751-9.
  36. ^ a b c "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". TheGuardian.com.
  37. ^ Gråsten, Hanna (12 June 2018). "Ahvenanmaan itsenäisyyttä ajavan puolueen johtaja: Suomesta tulossa yhä enemmän yksikielinen: 'Pienillä askelilla ruotsi suljetaan pois'". Iltalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  38. ^ a b Zubiaga, M. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Nation-building and institutions, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-421-2.
  39. ^ Mateos, T. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Citizenship and culture, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-422-9.
  40. ^ Antiguedad, I. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Territory and socioeconomics, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-423-6.
  41. ^ Haute, Emilie van; Close, Caroline (12 February 2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-24549-4.
  42. ^ "Current Campaigns". Celtic League. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  43. ^ "Territoriales : les résultats définitifs du second tour". France 3 Corse ViaStella (in French). 13 December 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  44. ^ Sabéran, Haydée (7 July 2008). "Le collège change de nom, le principal est menacé par les extrémistes flamands". Libération.
  45. ^ "Société : Alors que la Catalogne s'embrase, la Flandre française s'interroge sur elle-même - Flandre Presse". 8 May 2020. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  46. ^ "Indépendance de la Catalogne: que sait-on sur le Front de libération nationale de Provence?". Nice-Matin (in French). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  47. ^ mars 2022, Provenco 26 (3 December 2020). "Prouvènço Nacioun ou le rêve d'une Provence autonome". Buzzles (in French). Retrieved 17 June 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ "Catalunya del Nord". locals.esquerra.cat. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  49. ^ "El nou partit 'Oui au Pays Catalan' opta pel regionalisme i la renúncia a la llengua catalana". VilaWeb (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  50. ^ "Catalunya Nord per la independència". Assemblea Nacional Catalana (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  51. ^ "Catalunya Nord". Òmnium Cultural (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  52. ^ "Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana". joventrepublica.cat. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  53. ^ a b c d "PIEMONTE-SAVOIA, STATO INDIPENDENTE NELL'EUROPA CRISTIANA – Gioventura Piemontèisa". 3 October 2022. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  54. ^ a b c d "Ieri a Torino indipendentisti italiani e francesi han manifestato per un moderno stato di Savoia – Corsica Oggi" (in Italian). 12 September 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  55. ^ a b Leonardo (18 September 2014). "Piemonte indipendente, anche noi vogliamo decidere democraticamente". Miglioverde (in Italian). Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  56. ^ "Pourquoi un État Pied Noir - Fédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied NoirFédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied Noir | La Paix pour seul combat Albert Camus". 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  57. ^ "Et voici le gouvernement pied-noir en exil". L'Express (in French). 2 February 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  58. ^ "France : Le Chef de l'Etat Pied-Noir écrit au Président de la République française". www.infosplusgabon.com. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  59. ^ "Les Territoires - Fédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied NoirFédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied Noir". 11 July 2021. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  60. ^ "Pour le créateur de la CRIL, « le sentiment d'identité des Limousins a été renforcé par la réforme territoriale »". 27 September 2018.
  61. ^ "La CRIL ( La Communauté Révolutionnaire Indépendantiste Limousine) est un concept vestimentaire unique ! - France Bleu". ici par France Bleu et France 3.
  62. ^ "Alsace poll: 68% demand 'independence' from Grand Est, seek to regain separate region". Nationalia (in Catalan). 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  63. ^ "Alsace fights back: a French David vs. Goliath story". openDemocracy. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  64. ^ "Fighting for Brittany: autonomy in a centralised state". openDemocracy. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  65. ^ "Grande Normandie : pour Didier Patte, président du Mouvement Normand, " tout commence maintenant "". www.lecourriercauchois.fr. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  66. ^ "Didier Patte, fondateur du Mouvement normand, s'en est allé". www.breizh-info.com (in French). 6 February 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  67. ^ "Cross flags in Normandy (France)". www.fotw.info. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  68. ^ "UNPO: Savoy". unpo.org. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  69. ^ "UNPO: Savoy's Long-Ignored Struggle for Self-Determination Finally Makes the Headlines, But at What Cost?". unpo.org. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  70. ^ "UNPO: Brittany and Savoy: French Minority Groups Claim Rights at 9th OHCHR Forum on Minority Issues". unpo.org. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  71. ^ Zappi, Timothée (20 May 2022). "Législatives dans les Landes : le Partit occitan investit trois candidats" (in French). ISSN 1760-6454. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  72. ^ Vaiani, Mauro (2 April 2023). "Assemblada Occitana Valadas". Autonomie e Ambiente (in Italian). Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  73. ^ cuneocronaca. "Assemblada Occitana Valades: "L'orgoglio per la nostra terra con le bandiere dai balconi"- Cuneocronaca.it". www.cuneocronaca.it (in Italian). Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  74. ^ "60 % des Francs-Comtois souhaitent que la Franche-Comté se sépare de la Bourgogne (sondage Opinion Way) • macommune.info". www.macommune.info.
  75. ^ "RÉGIONALES : Le Mouvement Franche-Comté demande aux Républicains et au Rassemblement National de mettre dans leurs programmes un référendum de sécession avec la Bourgogne - info-chalon.com - Toute l'info sur le Grand Chalon et en Saône-et-Loire". Info-Chalon.com.
  76. ^ Boulanger, Philippe (2022). L'identité « nissarte » et le nationalisme niçois au début du XXIe siècle : la résurgence d'un mouvement revendicatif, mais éclaté. pp. 121–133. doi:10.1515/9782763755182-009. ISBN 978-2-7637-5518-2.
  77. ^ "Ligue pour la Restauration des Libertés Niçoises - site officiel - blog de la LRLN".
  78. ^ "Abkhazia profile". BBC News. 13 January 2020.
  79. ^ "South Ossetia profile". BBC News. 21 April 2016.
  80. ^ "Georgia's South Ossetia plans to take steps to join Russia". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  81. ^ Узел, Кавказский. "Gagloev: not right time for referendum on joining Russia". Caucasian Knot. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  82. ^ Fuller, Liz (30 May 2016). "South Ossetia Postpones Referendum On Accession To Russian Federation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  83. ^ "President: South Ossetia plans to hold referendum on becoming part of Russia before August". TASS. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  84. ^ Aghalaryan, Kristine (April 2011). "Javakhk – Autonomy Is the Only Solution". Hetq Online. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  85. ^ "Civil Georgia | Russia Claims Ethnic Armenians Demand Autonomy in Samtskhe-Javakheti". civil.ge. 13 July 2021.
  86. ^ "Georgia: Javakheti Armenians' Call For Autonomy Has Tbilisi On Guard (Part 1)". www.rferl.org.
  87. ^ Satzung der Bayernpartei, 30. October 2011, from: bayernpartei.de, 28 August 2018
  88. ^ "Bundesländervergleich: Jeder dritte Bayer für Unabhängigkeit von Deutschland | YouGov". yougov.de (in German). Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  89. ^ "News Article". css.ethz.ch. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  90. ^ Hewson, Jens Kastner, Jack (12 December 2024). "Why Does Eastern Germany Love Putin So Much?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 28 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  91. ^ haitblog (2 March 2022). ""Free Saxons" – A new far right (protest) party on the rise?". Denken ohne Geländer (in German). doi:10.58079/pf1a. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  92. ^ Lasch, Hendrik. "Unter dem Königswappen für den »Säxit«". nd-aktuell.de (in German). Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  93. ^ ""We want to have a self-determined, democratically legitimated Sorbian Parliament"". 26 June 2023.
  94. ^ "Sorben und Wenden. Eine Minderheit gründet ein Parlament in der Lausitz". chrismon.evangelisch.de (in German). Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  95. ^ "Brandenburg: Sorben wählen ein eigenes Parlament". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). ISSN 1865-2263. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  96. ^ "The European Free Alliance gives green light to EU internal enlargement". Nationalia (in Catalan). 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  97. ^ Joseph. "The Languages of Separatists in Europe: Part 1". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  98. ^ "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of the Netherlands & Poland". The National. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  99. ^ Przybilla, Olaf (17 May 2010). "Vorbild Schottland". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  100. ^ "Eine neue Partei fordert mehr Autonomie für die Region Franken. Auch wenn das Hunderte von Jahren dauern könnte". 17 May 2010.
  101. ^ "Autonóm roma tartományt akar Észak-Magyarországon egy roma párt". 28 September 2017.
  102. ^ "Cigány autonómia". 8 February 2020.
  103. ^ "Gypsy territorial autonomy from our four counties?". 13 May 2019.
  104. ^ "Dopo il Veneto prova anche il Friuli Il "referendum" degli indipendentisti". Corriere della Sera. 27 July 2014.
  105. ^ a b "I movimenti per l'autonomia e per l'indipendenza in FVG - Bora.La". 17 April 2013.
  106. ^ "Two Italian regions vote overwhelmingly for greater autonomy". CNN. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  107. ^ "Cos'è pro Lombardia". pro Lombardia Indipendenza.
  108. ^ "Dal Pirellone alla Laguna: indipendentismo lombardo-veneto | The Fielder". 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  109. ^ a b Balduzzi, Gianni (10 November 2014). "Sondaggi politici Demos, indipendenza regioni: quanti gli italiani favorevoli". Termometro Politico (in Italian). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  110. ^ a b Maslova, Elena. "Analytics". Valdai Club. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  111. ^ "Milano, si è costituito ufficialmente "Grande Nord"". Affaritaliani.it (in Italian). 22 June 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  112. ^ "Southern Italy flag (unofficial)". www.crwflags.com.
  113. ^ Paolo, Michele (5 February 2021). "Ask An Italian: Secessionist Movements In Italy". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  114. ^ "Οι κάτοικοι της Νότιας Ιταλίας θέλουν να (ξανα)γίνουν Μεγάλη Ελλάδα!". 14 July 2023.
  115. ^ "Το ανυπότακτο "χωριό" στο Facebook που ονειρεύεται την ένωση Ιταλίας και Ελλάδας". 22 July 2023.
  116. ^ "Great south to merge with Forza Italia. Freedom, justice and a better Italy". Archived from the original on 13 December 2013.
  117. ^ a b "Parties and Elections in Europe". www.parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  118. ^ Strill.it (21 October 2019). "Regionali, il coordinatore di Lega Sud Ausonia Calabria lavora alla lista". strill.it (in Italian). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  119. ^ Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris. "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  120. ^ "Siciliani Liberi" (in Italian). Siciliani Liberi. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  121. ^ ""Siciliani liberi", nasce nuovo movimento indipendentista". Giornale di Sicilia (in Italian). 4 January 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  122. ^ "Fronte Nazionale Siciliano" (in Italian). Retrieved 25 February 2017 – via Facebook.[non-primary source needed]
  123. ^ "Sicilia Nazione" (in Italian). Sicilia Nazione. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  124. ^ "Vlaskamp van Loo Attorneys". msln.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2005.
  125. ^ "South Tyrol: from secessionist to European dreams". openDemocracy.
  126. ^ "South Tyrol heading to unofficial independence referendum in autumn". Nationalia (in Catalan). 7 August 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  127. ^ Testi, Gabrielle (15 December 2019). "Tuscany joins the train of differentiated autonomy". Swiss Federalism. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  128. ^ "Nasce il Partito Indipendentista Toscano". www.quinewsvaldelsa.it (in Italian). Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  129. ^ "Toscana, gli indipendentisti che vogliono dire "addio" all'Italia (e votano M5S)". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 25 May 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  130. ^ James Masters; Valentina Di Donato (21 October 2017). "Two Italian regions vote overwhelmingly for greater autonomy". CNN. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  131. ^ "Italian forces arrest Veneto separatists over alleged plot to attack Venice". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2 April 2014. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  132. ^ Pol, R. (2 April 2014). "Indipendentisti, blitz all'alba: 24 arresti Sequestrato 'tanko', in manette Rocchetta". Corriere del Veneto (in Italian). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  133. ^ "CRV - "Maurizio Conte presenta la nuova denominazione del gruppo consiliare" - Press Release - Veneto". ANSA.it (in Italian). 28 July 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  134. ^ "The Italian city that wants a divorce". BBC News. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  135. ^ Burton, Tara Isabella (1 August 2016). "The Free State of Trieste". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  136. ^ "Shout-out for Trieste: James Joyce's Italian home". Independent.ie. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  137. ^ "Uv appeals Aosta Valley people to defend autonomy from "continued agression" by the Italian state". Nationalia. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  138. ^ "Consultazioni governo- il calendario. Ecco cosa diranno i partiti al Colle. mattarella "portavoce esigenze dei cittadini"". fattoquotidiano. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  139. ^ "Union valdotaine, riunione autonomisti è "sfida del future"". ansa. 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  140. ^ "Will Scottish Independence Create a Bandwagon Effect?". 17 September 2014.
  141. ^ Santonastaso, Timothy (7 October 2021). "Sardinian Nationalism Looks To Catalonia". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  142. ^ Davies, Lizzy (23 March 2014). "Italy's separatist spirit takes new shape as Sardinians push to become Swiss". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  143. ^ ""Sì alla Regione Romagna, No al bluff del Provincione"". RiminiToday.
  144. ^ "Żmudzki niedźwiedź się budzi » Kresy - wiadomości, wydarzenia, aktualności, newsy".
  145. ^ "The Flag of rebellion is raised in Gozo - The Malta Independent". www.independent.com.mt. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  146. ^ "Il-Partit Popolari jipproponi lill-Għawdxin referendum dwar is-sħubija fl-UE". TVMnews.mt. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  147. ^ a b "EXPLAINER: The Moldovan separatist republic of Transnistria". 8 March 2022.
  148. ^ "Pro-Russia Populists Attempt to Capture Gagauzia | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  149. ^ Chapple, Amos (24 March 2023). "In Moldova's Pro-Russian Gagauzia Region, Old Loyalties Die Hard". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  150. ^ "АМЕРИЧКА ОФАНЗИВА: Санџак – ново Косово за Србију". ИСКРА. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  151. ^ "Ако Србија призна лажну државу, следи Западна омча Београду: Шта се крије иза пројекта "држава Санџак" - Србија данас". www.sd.rs (in Serbian (Cyrillic script)). 26 May 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  152. ^ "СРБИЈА ПОНОВО НА УДАРУ АМЕРИКЕ! Почиње отцепљење Санџака". www.intermagazin.rs. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  153. ^ Vojvodine, Javna medijska ustanova JMU Radio-televizija. "Драгаш: Угљанин заговара сепаратизам". JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine (in Serbian (Latin script)). Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  154. ^ "FNP program for the Provincial Elections 2007". Frisian National Party. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  155. ^ "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of the Netherlands & Poland". The National. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  156. ^ Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris. "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". the Guardian. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  157. ^ "Kaszubski Ruch Narodowy | Kaszëbskô Jednota". Archived from the original on 5 February 2022.
  158. ^ a b "Is Poland a potential patchwork of national and regional identities?". Nationalia (in Catalan). 18 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  159. ^ "RAŚ wzorem dla Mazur. Też chcą autonomii, a my im pomożemy | śląskie Nasze Miasto".
  160. ^ "Ruch Autonomii Mazur. Czy czeka nas plaga separatyzmu w Polsce?". Rzeczpospolita.
  161. ^ "Ruch Autonomii Mazur". Archived from the original on 26 September 2020.
  162. ^ "Stowarzyszenie Ruch Autonomii Gospodarczej Mazur". ngo.pl.
  163. ^ "Wyszukiwarka KRS". wyszukiwarka-krs.ms.gov.pl.
  164. ^ KaT. "Autonomia Wielkopolski? Chce tego Konfederacja Wielkopolan". epoznan.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  165. ^ "Konfederacja Wielkopolan - chcą autonomii gospodarczej regionu". kalisz naszemiasto. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  166. ^ "Wyszukiwarka KRS". wyszukiwarka-krs.ms.gov.pl. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  167. ^ "Açores, a independência que nunca chegou".
  168. ^ "FLA critica comemorações do 10 de junho". 7 August 2023.
  169. ^ "Calls to liberate Transylvania from Romania". Archived from the original on 13 October 2012.
  170. ^ "Calls to liberate Transylvania from Romania". Archived from the original on 13 October 2012.
  171. ^ ""Liga Transilvania-Banat a fuzionat cu PCD"". www.crisana.ro (in Romanian). 2004. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  172. ^ a b "Cooperating regionalist and autonomy movements in Europe" (PDF). Central European University. 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  173. ^ "Petiție pentru autonomia Transilvaniei, depusă la Prefectura Cluj" [Petition for the autonomy of Transylvania, Cluj filed Prefecture] (in Romanian). Romania libera. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  174. ^ "Romania Confronts Transylvanian Separatism". United Church of God. July 1999.
  175. ^ "letter of protest from the command of the Székely-Hungarian National Guard". 17 May 2010.
  176. ^ "Székely - Hungarian National Guard".
  177. ^ "De ce "Liga Transilvania Democrată"" [Why "Transylvania Democratic League"] (in Romanian). Neuerweg. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  178. ^ "Liga Transilvania Democrată a mai anunțat că se va implica și din punct de vedere logistic pentru a obține numărul necesar de semnături" [Transylvania Democratic League announced that it will involve and logistically to get the required number of signatures] (in Romanian). Nova TV. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  179. ^ "Program" (in Romanian). Liga Banateana. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  180. ^ "Bănățenii vor autonomie economică și administrativă: "Acest lucru nu înseamnă independența sau ruperea de România"" [Economic and administrative autonomy of Banat: "This does not mean independence or breaking of Romania"] (in Romanian). Adevărul. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  181. ^ "Borbély az autonómiatervezet ről: ejnye, hogy megijedtünk!" [Barber's autonomy from the draft: ahem, that scared!] (in Romanian). kronika. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  182. ^ "Jövő héten egyeztet az MPP és az RMDSZ az autonómia-tervezetről". transindex.ro. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  183. ^ "Cultural autonomy and territorial federalism: two voting options for Hungarians in Transylvania". Nationalia. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  184. ^ "Megalakult a Partiumi Autonómia Tanács" [The formation of the Partium Council Autonomy] (in Hungarian). Kitekinto. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  185. ^ "Szekler National Council". Székely Land. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  186. ^ "Nyílt pályázat a Partium jelképeinek megtervezésére" [Open tender for the design of the Partium symbols] (in Hungarian). Erdely. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  187. ^ УЗНАРОДОВ, Д.И. (2019). "ЧЕРКЕССКИЙ ВОПРОС НА ЮГЕ РОССИИ: ЭТНОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ИТОГИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ" (PDF). Caucasology (3): 222–236. doi:10.31143/2542-212X-2019-3-222-239. S2CID 211390612.
  188. ^ a b Шатилов, Александр Борисович (2021). "НОВЫЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СЕПАРАТИЗМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (2014–2021 гг.)". Власть. 4: 22–26. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  189. ^ Imperial Russia: Prospects for Deimperialization and Decolonization 31/01/2023 European Parliament. Retrieved 12 September 2024 – via www.youtube.com.
  190. ^ Eltsov, Peter (3 August 2019). "The Best Way to Deal With Russia: Wait for It to Implode". Politico. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  191. ^ Relations, Quinten JansenStudent at the Rijksuniversiteit studying International; Politics, Philosophy in (14 November 2022). "Bashkir Separatism Movement Fights Against Russia's War From Within". The Organization for World Peace. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  192. ^ "В составе ВСУ появилось башкирское воинское подразделение". RFE/RL (in Russian). 2 December 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  193. ^ "Башкорты и башкирцы". Регион.Эксперт (in Russian). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  194. ^ "Prigozhin's Rebellion and the North Caucasus". Riddle Russia. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  195. ^ Шатилов, Александр (2021). "НОВЫЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СЕПАРАТИЗМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (2014-2021 ГГ.)". Власть. 4: 22–26.
  196. ^ "БРП: история с продолжением". Регион.Эксперт (in Russian). Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  197. ^ "Калмыцкое государство, Ногайская республика или "Поволжский Евросоюз"?". Idel.Реалии (in Russian). 17 November 2022.
  198. ^ Излученко, Татьяна; Гергилев, Денис (2021). "СЕПАРАТИЗМ КАК РАЗНОВИДНОСТЬ ЭКСТРЕМИЗМА: СОЦИАЛЬНО ФИЛОСОФСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ". Вестник Томского государственного университета (427): 30–37. doi:10.17223/15617793/472/4. S2CID 256656514.
  199. ^ Бредихин, А.В. (2016). "Казачий сепаратизм на юге России". Казачество: 36–44. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  200. ^ a b Kond, Ragnar. "Free Nations League holds first meeting in Estonia". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  201. ^ a b Витковская, Татьяна; Назукина, Мария (2021). "ТРАЕКТОРИИ РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНАЛИЗМА В РОССИИ: ОПЫТ СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН". Мир России. Социология. Этнология. 30 (1): 68–81.
  202. ^ Kotsiubinsky, Daniel (2019). "Символика петербургского регионализма: попытка создания новых городских символов и причины её неудачи в 1990-2000-х гг". Публичная политика. 3 (1–2): 89–110.
  203. ^ ""Я обязательно выучу названия этих 34 государств" В Европейском парламенте прошел "Форум свободных народов России". Его участники хотят разделить страну на несколько десятков государств. Репортаж "Медузы"". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  204. ^ Наталія (25 November 2022). "IV Форум свободных народов постРоссии проведут в шведском Хельсингборге — что известно". Freedom (in Russian). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  205. ^ a b c Иванов, Василий (2013). "Национал-сепаратизм в финно-угорских республиках РФ и зарубежный фактор" (PDF). ПРОБЛЕМЫ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ. 6 (21): 95–100.
  206. ^ "Эрзянь Мастор". Свободный Идель-Урал (in Russian). 2 May 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  207. ^ "Комитет мокшан в эмиграции заявил о желании объединиться с Эрзянским национальным движением в борьбе за независимость". Idel.Реалии. 7 January 2023.
  208. ^ "В Комитете ингушской независимости заявили, что не имеют отношения к проекту "Горской республики", представленной Закаевым". Новости Ингушетии Фортанга орг (in Russian). 21 March 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  209. ^ "THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF TATARSTAN - CNN iReport". 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  210. ^ Goble, Paul (24 March 2018). "Free Idel-Ural Movement takes shape in Kyiv". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  211. ^ a b "Gelil Eserghep, președintele UDTTMR, despre situația tătarilor din Crimeea: "Nu ne dorim ca Peninsula Crimeea să devină a doua Transnistria"". ZIUA de Constanța (in Romanian). 28 February 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  212. ^ a b "Crimean Tatar autonomy: Mejlis urges to introduce bills to Parliament". Ukrinform. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  213. ^ "Im Widerstand in der besetzten Ukraine: "Für die Russen sind wir Terroristen"". www.kurier.at (in German). 30 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  214. ^ "'It was scary': acts of resistance in Russian-occupied Kherson". www.theguardian.com. 19 April 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  215. ^ "В окупованому Куп'янську люди вийшли на мітинг за Україну". www.pravda.com.ua (in Ukrainian). 1 March 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  216. ^ "Ukraine war: Protests held in Russian occupied Ukrainian cities Kherson, Energodar and Berdyansk". inews. 20 March 2022.
  217. ^ ""Yellow Ribbon": non-violent civil resistance movement in Ukraine". www.sci.ngo. 1 September 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  218. ^ "Нови Сад со сепаратистички натписи: "Плоштад на Република Војводина"". Сител Телевизија (in Macedonian). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  219. ^ Васељенска (3 March 2023). "СКАНДАЛ СВИ СЕПАРАТИСТИ НА ЈЕДНОМ МЕСТУ: На протесту подршке "храбрим тужитељкама" промоција НЕЗАВИСНЕ Војводине (ФОТО)". Васељенска ТВ (in Serbian). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  220. ^ "Драган Веселинов: Грађани Војводине би изгласали независност да је припреман референдум; Ко год је хтео србијанску шајкачу, нај*** је". Нова српска политичка мисао (in Serbian). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  221. ^ "ДАЧИЋ: Чанак да се не игра, Војводина није Каталонија". ИСКРА. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  222. ^ "Hungarian Minority in Serbia Seek Autonomy". Stratfor.
  223. ^ "Zukorlić: Autonomija Sandžaka sve izvesnija". Večernje novosti.
  224. ^ Бојовић, Александар. "Албански сепаратизам још тиња на југу Србије". Politika Online.
  225. ^ "СЕПАРАТИЗАМ: У Прешеву основана Заједница албанских општина (ЗАО), без Медвеђе". 12 September 2015.
  226. ^ "Berényi: A tömbnek területi, a szórványnak kulturális autonómiát". bumm.sk. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  227. ^ "Head of party for ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia says autonomy necessary for minority's survival". politics.hu. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  228. ^ "A felvidéki önrendelkezés kilátásairól az autonómia albizottság ülésén". mkp.sk. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  229. ^ "Catalan independence: Five years on from referendum, is there any hope for separatists?". October 2022.
  230. ^ "Galicia: Spain's forgotten stateless nation". openDemocracy.
  231. ^ Independència Valenciana (Valencian)
  232. ^ "Noticias - Valenciafreedom - La web que lucha contra la imposicion catalanista". valenciafreedom.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  233. ^ "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of Spain". 28 August 2017.
  234. ^ "Garriga (Vox): «El plan separatista de Cataluña ha llegado a Baleares". 16 May 2023.
  235. ^ "Vox pide que el Parlamento andaluz exprese su apoyo a la Guardia Civil frente a los "terroristas" del "separatismo"". 9 October 2019.
  236. ^ "Cinco vallas que identifican oficialidad con separatismo". www.lavozdeasturias.es.
  237. ^ Llionesa, Ruchar Mocedá (18 April 2016). "Ruchar Mocedá Llionesa: Presentación RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa". Ruchar Mocedá Llionesa. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  238. ^ "La mayoría de granadinos estarían a favor de dividir Andalucía en dos, según una encuesta". 10 January 2022.
  239. ^ "César Girón, ideólogo del 'Granadexit' y único candidato a la Junta que no se siente andaluz". 17 June 2022.
  240. ^ "Mouvement autonomiste jurassien" [Jura autonomist movement] (in French). Maj.ch. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  241. ^ "Groupe Bélier – Mouvement de lutte pour l'Unité du Jura" [Aries Group – Movement struggling for Jura Unity] (in French). Groupebelier.ch. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  242. ^ Pro-Russian Protesters Declare 'People's Republic' In Kharkiv, retrieved 16 July 2022
  243. ^ "Russian senator hints at possible annexation of Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions". 20 May 2022.
  244. ^ "Ukraine Accuses Hungarian Advocacy Org of Separatism". Hungary Today. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  245. ^ "Ukrainian Statehood at Risk: The Kremlin's Secessionist Plans | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  246. ^ "Ukrainian News". Archived from the original on 29 October 2008.
  247. ^ "Foreign interference in the Zakarpattia region of Ukraine: The 2019 elections and beyond". New Eastern Europe - A bimonthly news magazine dedicated to Central and Eastern European affairs. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  248. ^ "Rusyn National Symbology" (PDF).
  249. ^ Higgins, Andrew (5 October 2018). "At War With Russia in East, Ukraine Has Worries in the West, Too". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  250. ^ "Zakarpattia – together, but separated". OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  251. ^ "Русины Закарпатья требуют признания своей национальности и автономии края через диалог - ТАСС". TACC. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  252. ^ "Гибридная война: этнический фактор русинов Закарпатья. Аналитика ИС » Інтернет-видання Світловодськ". 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  253. ^ "Дмитрий Сидор отказался давать показания СБУ и "наехал"на журналистов | УЖГОРОД - ОКНО В ЕВРОПУ - UA-REPORTER.COM". 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  254. ^ "ПОЛІТИЧНЕ РУСИНСТВО І ЙОГО СПОНСОРИ НАДЗВИЧАЙНО ЦІКАВІ НЕ ТІЛЬКИ ДЛЯ ЗАКАРПАТТЯ | УЖГОРОД - ОКНО В ЕВРОПУ - UA-REPORTER.COM". 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  255. ^ Гвать, Іван (3 March 2016). "Україна в лещатах російських спецслужб". Радіо Свобода. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  256. ^ "The Rusyn Question in Ukraine: Sorting out Fact from Fiction" (PDF). 27 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  257. ^ "Political and Ethno-Cultural Aspects of the Rusyns' Problem" (PDF). 10 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  258. ^ "Гибридная война: этнический фактор русинов Закарпатья. Аналитика ИС". Інтернет-видання Світловодськ.
  259. ^ "'Nobody here is asking to leave Ukraine': Minorities see Russian meddling". america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  260. ^ "A new deepened conflict in the heart of Europe? – TudományON" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  261. ^ Mirovalev, Mansur (3 August 2020). "More Separatist Rumblings Cloud Ukraine's Future". WhoWhatWhy. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  262. ^ "English Democrats seek independence for England". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  263. ^ "English independence group campaign for English parliament in York". 27 August 2022.
  264. ^ "Watch: English nationalists march through the city demanding a parliament in York". 27 August 2022.
  265. ^ "Neither British nor Irish rule: arguments for Northern Ireland independence in Unionist political thought". 13 December 2021.
  266. ^ "Northern Ireland and Scotland Are on a Long Road Out of the UK". The Washington Post.
  267. ^ Fenton, Siobhan (24 June 2016). "Northern Ireland's Deputy First Minister calls for poll on united Ireland after Brexit". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  268. ^ "SDLP councillor quits to join Aontú". News Letter. 27 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  269. ^ Kelly, Ben (11 February 2019). "The Irish parties reaching across the border towards a new era for nationalism". The Independent. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  270. ^ Connla Young (26 January 2018). "Republican groups have no plans for ÓNH-style ceasefire". The Irish News. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  271. ^ "Scottish government renews call for extra powers on tax and welfare". The Guardian. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  272. ^ "@redpartyscot" on Twitter
  273. ^ "About | Scottish Independence Referendum Party".
  274. ^ Leigh-Hewitson, Nadia. "Why Cornish independence could be no joke". dlv.prospect.gcpp.io.
  275. ^ "Green Party will support calls for a Cornish Assembly". The Cornish Guardian. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  276. ^ Graeme Demianyk (10 March 2014). "Liberal Democrats vote for Cornish Assembly". The Western Morning News. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  277. ^ "Spring Conference 2014". Liberal Democrats. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  278. ^ https://www.communistparty.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Communist-Party-Progressive-federalism-4.pdf
  279. ^ "An all-party pressure group plans to re-create the ancient kingdom of Northumbria as a federal state in a new United Kingdom". The Lancashire magazine. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  280. ^ "Ex-MP pushes for northern parliament - Blackpool Gazette". 18 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  281. ^ Niven, Alex (3 April 2021). "Is the Northern Independence party more serious than it looks?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  282. ^ "The curious case of the Northern Independence Party and the future of the British Left". The Courier Online. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  283. ^ "An independent north? What an England severed in two might look like". The Independent. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  284. ^ "'Londependence' May be a Dream, but More Autonomy for the City is Not". 28 June 2016.
  285. ^ "It's time for London to leave the UK". Independent.co.uk. 25 June 2016.
  286. ^ "Londoners call for independence from UK - Politics - London 24". Archived from the original on 25 June 2016.
  287. ^ Hill, Dave (7 December 2022). "Independence for London? The case for, the case against - and the choice of national anthem". OnLondon. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  288. ^ "Fife should declare independence from Scotland, new political party claims". 17 August 2021.
  289. ^ "Residents of Canvey Island in Essex plot 'Catalan-style' revolt from mainland". 17 October 2017.
  290. ^ "First Catalonia, next Canvey Island".
  291. ^ "Canvey Island wants independence from mainland Britain". The Independent. 16 October 2017.
  292. ^ "Shetland autonomy gets seal of approval from the greens". 30 October 2023.
  293. ^ Mark Stead (24 March 2012). "We want devolution, says York council leader". The York Press. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  294. ^ "The official website of the "Yorkshire Independence – Campaign for devolution"". 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
  295. ^ The Yorkshire devolution movement, Facebook Account[non-primary source needed]
  296. ^ "David Blunkett MP suggests 'Yorkshire Parliament'". News. BBC. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  297. ^ The Yorkshire devolution movement, Word press
  298. ^ Yorkshire devolution
  299. ^ Smith, Dominic (10 June 2014). "Ex Labour MP forms The North East Party". The Guardian.
  300. ^ "The Case for Wessex" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2006.
  301. ^ "Let's run our own affairs in Wessex". Western Daily Press. Europe Intelligence Wire. 23 February 2007.
  302. ^ "Autonomy for Wessex in UK". Western Daily Press. Europe Intelligence Wire. 26 March 2007.
  303. ^ "All hail Wessex region". Bristol Evening Post. Europe Intelligence Wire. 16 May 2003.
  304. ^ "First Brexit, now Orxit? Politicians on Scotland's Orkney Islands vote to explore more autonomy". Associated Press News. 4 July 2023.
  305. ^ "Orkney proposals to become territory of Norway". BBC News. 2 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  306. ^ "Orkney steps up calls for more autonomy". BBC News. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  307. ^ "The Liberal Party of Gibraltar". www.liberal.gi.
  308. ^ "The Liberal Party of Gibraltar".
  309. ^ "Advocate of Independence Wins in Gibraltar". The New York Times. 26 March 1988.
  310. ^ Hon. J. J. Bossano (1994). "The Decolonization of Gibraltar". Fordham International Law Journal. 18 (5).
  311. ^ "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of England". 28 August 2017.
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya