List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Lise Meitner, the second woman to be nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish : Nobelpriset i kemi ) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists who have made outstanding contributions in chemistry .[ 1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes which were established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895.[ 2]
Every year, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences sends out forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are strictly sealed for fifty years. Currently, the nominations for the years 1901 to 1970 are publicly available. Despite the annual sending of invitations, the prize was not awarded in eight years (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940–42) and have been delayed for a year nine times (1914, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1925, 1927, 1938, 1943, 1944).
From 1901 to 1970, there have been 641 scientists nominated for the prize, 79 of which were awarded either jointly or individually. 18 more scientists from these nominees were awarded after 1970 and Frederick Sanger was awarded second time on 1980. Of only 15 women nominees, three were awarded. The first woman to be nominated was Marie Skłodowska Curie . She was nominated on 1911 by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius and French mathematician Gaston Darboux and eventually won the prize on the same year. She is the only woman to win twice the Nobel Prize: Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911).[ 3] Besides 27 and 13 scientists from these nominees won the prizes in Physiology or Medicine and in Physics (including one woman more) correspondingly (including years after 1970). Only one company has been nominated, the Geigy SA for the year 1947.
Despite the long list of nominated noteworthy chemists, physicists and engineers, there have still been other scientists who were overlooked for the prize in chemistry such as Per Teodor Cleve , Jannik Petersen Bjerrum , Ellen Swallow Richards , Alice Ball , Vladimir Palladin , Sergey Reformatsky , Prafulla Chandra Ray , Alexey Favorsky , Rosalind Franklin and Joseph Edward Mayer .
In addition, nominations of 21 scientists and four corporations more were declared invalid by the Nobel Committee.
Nominees by their first nomination
1901–1909
Picture
Name
Born
Died
Years nominated
Notes
1901
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
August 30, 1852 Rotterdam , Netherlands
March 1, 1911 Berlin , Germany
1901
Won the 1901 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ a] [ 4]
Emil Fischer
October 9, 1852 Euskirchen , Germany
July 15, 1919 Berlin , Germany
1901, 1902 , 1903,[ b] 1905 ,[ b] 1916, 1919
Won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ c] [ 5] , later nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ d] [ 6]
Svante Arrhenius
February 19, 1859 Uppsala , Sweden
October 2, 1927 Stockholm , Sweden
1901, 1902, 1903
Won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ e] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics and in Physiology or Medicine too [ 7]
Henri Moissan
September 28, 1852 Paris , France
February 20, 1907 Paris , France
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 , 1907 [ b]
Won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ f] [ 8]
Zdenko Hans Skraup
March 3, 1850 Prague , Czech Republic
September 10, 1910 Vienna , Austria
1901
Nominated the only time by Eduard Lippmann (1838–1919) from Wien Technische Hochschule .[ 9]
Marcellin Berthelot
October 25, 1827 Paris , France
March 18, 1907 Paris , France
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907
[ 10]
William Jackson Pope
March 31, 1870 London , England
October 17, 1939 Cambridge , England
1901, 1907, 1915[ b] , 1916 [ b] , 1927, 1932 [ b]
[ 11]
1902
William Ramsay
October 2, 1852 Glasgow , Scotland
July 23, 1916 High Wycombe , England
1902, 1903, 1904
Won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ g] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 12]
Adolf von Baeyer
October 31, 1835 Berlin , Germany
August 20, 1917 Starnberg , Germany
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905
Won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ h] [ 13]
Theodore William Richards
January 31, 1868 Germantown, Philadelphia , United States
April 2, 1928 Cambridge,_Massachusetts , United States
1902, 1905, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915 , 1916 [ b]
Won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1915 [ i] [ 14]
Oliver Wolcott Gibbs
February 21, 1822 New York City , United States
December 9, 1908 Portsmouth, Rhode Island , United States
1902
Nominated the only time by Ch.Edw.Munroe .[ 15]
Rudolf Knietsch
December 13, 1854 Opole , Poland
May 28, 1906 Ludwigshafen , Germany
1902
Nominated the only time by P.Klason .[ 16]
Johannes Wislicenus
June 24, 1835 Querfurt , Germany
December 5, 1902 Leipzig , Germany
1902
Nominated the only time by Zd.H.Skraup .[ 17] Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
Edward Williams Morley
January 29, 1838 Newark, New Jersey , United States
February 24, 1923 West Hartford, Connecticut , United States
1902, 1908, 1909 ,[ b] 1910
[ 18]
Armand Gautier
September 23, 1837 Narbonne , France
July 27, 1920 Cannes , France
1902, 1914,[ b] 1915 ,[ b] 1916
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ j] [ 19] [ 20]
1903
Harmon Northrop Morse
October 15, 1848 Cambridge, Vermont , United States
September 8, 1920 Chebeague Island, Maine , United States
1903, 1910
Nominated by Harry Clary Jones (1865–1916) from Johns Hopkins University only.[ 21]
1904
Wilhelm Ostwald
September 2, 1853 Riga , Latvia
April 4, 1932 Grimma , Germany
1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 , 1910 [ b]
Won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ k] .[ 22]
1905
Eduard Buchner
May 20, 1860 Munich , Germany
August 13, 1917 Focșani , Romania
1905, 1907
Won the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ l] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ m] [ 23]
Dmitri Mendeleev
February 8, 1834 Tobolsk , Russia
February 2, 1907 Saint Petersburg , Russia
1905, 1906, 1907
[ 24]
Giacomo Ciamician
August 27, 1857 Trieste , Italy
January 2, 1922 Bologna , Italy
1905, 1907, 1908, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1916, 1919, 1921
[ 25]
Henry Louis Le Chatelier
October 8, 1850 Paris , France
September 17, 1936 Miribel-les-Échelles , France
1905, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1914, 1915, 1916,[ b] 1918,[ b] 1919 ,[ b] 1920, 1921, 1922, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935 [ b]
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 26]
1906
Walther Nernst
June 25, 1864 Gmina Wąbrzeźno , Poland
November 18, 1941 Niwica , Poland
1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918,[ b] 1919 ,[ b] 1920, 1921 , 1922 [ b]
Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ n] in 1921 and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 27]
Victor Grignard
May 6, 1871 Cherbourg-en-Cotentin , France
December 13, 1935 Lyon , France
1906, 1909, 1910, 1912 , 1928
[ o] [ 28] Shared the 1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ p] [ 29]
1907
Paul Sabatier
November 5, 1854 Carcassonne , France
August 14, 1914 Toulouse , France
1907, 1909, 1911, 1912 , 1928, 1929
Ernest Rutherford
August 30, 1871 Brightwater , New Zealand
October 19, 1937 Cambridge , England
1907, 1908 ,1923 [ b]
Won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ q] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 30]
Otto Wallach
March 27, 1847 Königsberg , Prussia
February 26, 1931 Göttingen , Germany
1907, 1908, 1910
Won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ r] .[ 31]
Alfred Werner
December 12, 1866 Mulhouse , France
November 15, 1919 Zürich , Switzerland
1907, 1908, 1911, 1912, 1913
Won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ s] .[ 32]
Stanislao Cannizzaro
July 13, 1826 Palermo , Italy
May 10, 1910 Rome , Italy
1907
[ 33]
Sophus Mads Jørgensen
July 4, 1837 Slagelse , Denmark
April 1, 1914 Copenhagen , Denmark
1907
[ 34]
Fredrik Adolf Kjellin
April 24, 1872 Södertälje , Sweden
December 30, 1910 Stockholm , Sweden
1907
Nominated the only time by Otto Pettersson .[ 35]
William Crookes
June 17, 1832 London , England
April 4, 1919 London, England
1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1918 [ b]
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 36]
Samuel Eyde
October 29, 1866 Arendal , Norway
June 21, 1940 Åsgårdstrand , Norway
1907, 1909, 1913
Nominated jointly with Kr.Birkeland only.[ 37]
Kristian Birkeland
December 13, 1867 Oslo , Norway
June 15, 1917 Kanagawa , Japan
1907, 1909, 1912, 1913
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 38]
Heinrich Caro
February 13, 1834 Poznań , Poland
September 11, 1910 Dresden , Germany
1907, 1910
Nominated jointly with Ad.Frank only.[ 39]
Adolph Frank
January 20, 1834 Klötze , Germany
May 30, 1916 Berlin , Germany
1907, 1909 ,[ b] 1910, 1916
[ 40]
Theodor Curtius
May 27, 1857 Duisburg , Germany
February 8, 1928 Heidelberg , Germany
1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1912 ,[ b] 1913, 1914, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924
[ 41]
Albin Haller
March 7, 1849 Fellering , France
April 29, 1925 Paris , France
1907, 1911 ,[ b] 1912, 1913,[ b] 1914,[ b] 1915 ,[ b] 1916, 1918 ,[ b] 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925
[ 42]
1908
Richard Willstätter
August 13, 1872 Karlsruhe , Germany
August 3, 1942 Muralto , Switzerland
1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915 , 1916 [ b]
Won the 1915 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ t] .[ 43]
Frederick Soddy
September 2, 1877 Eastbourne , England
September 22, 1956 Brighton , England
1908, 1918, 1919, 1922
Won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ u] in 1922 and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 44]
Albrecht Kossel
September 16, 1853 Rostock , Germany
July 5, 1927 Heidelberg , Germany
1908
Won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. [ 45]
Gustaf de Laval
May 9, 1845 Orsa , Sweden
February 2, 1913 Stockholm , Sweden
1908
Nominated the only time by Otto Pettersson and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 46]
Georg Lunge
September 15, 1839 Wrocław , Poland
January 3, 1923 Zürich , Switzerland
1908, 1909 [ b]
[ 47]
Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch
March 7, 1857 Dresden , Germany
March 14, 1935 Dresden , Germany
1908, 1918,[ b] 1923 ,[ b] 1927
[ 48]
1909
Edmund Oscar von Lippmann
January 9, 1857 Vienna , Austria
September 24, 1940 Halle (Saale) , Germany
1909
Nominated the only time by Alexander Herzfeld (1854–1928) from Institut für Zuckerindustrie .[ 49]
Ernst Schulze (chemist) [ b]
July 31, 1840 Bovenden , German Confederation
June 15, 1912 Zürich , Switzerland
1909
Nominated the only time by Ernst Winterstein
Hans Heinrich Landolt
December 5, 1831 Zürich , Switzerland
March 15, 1910 Berlin , Germany
1909, 1910
[ 50]
Otto Schönherr
December 1, 1861 Chemnitz , Germany
December 25, 1926 Dresden , Germany
1909, 1910 ,[ b] 1912
[ 51]
Karl Engler
January 5, 1842 Weisweil , Germany
February 7, 1925 Karlsruhe , Germany
1909, 1910, 1911, 1916
[ 52]
Jean-Baptiste Senderens
January 27, 1856 Barbachen , France
September 26, 1937 Barbachen , France
1909, 1928, 1929
Nominated jointly with P.Sabatier only.[ 53]
Gabriel Bertrand
May 17, 1867 Paris , France
June 10, 1962 Paris , France
1909, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1942, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1955, 1957
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ v] [ 54] [ 55]
1910–1919
Picture
Name
Born
Died
Years nominated
Notes
1910
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
September 21, 1853 Groningen , Netherlands
February 21, 1926 Leiden , Netherlands
1910, 1911
Won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics .[ 56]
James Dewar
September 20, 1842 Kincardine , Scotland
March 27, 1923 London , England
1903,[ b] 1908 ,[ b] 1910, 1911
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too [ 57]
Carl Theodore Liebermann
February 23, 1842 Berlin , Germany
December 28, 1914 Berlin , Germany
1910
Nominated jointly with Otto Wallach the only time by B.Tollens .[ 58]
Pierre-Émile Martin
August 18, 1824 Bourges , France
May 21, 1915 Fourchambault , France
1910
[ 59]
Walther Spring
March 6, 1848 Liège , Belgium
July 17, 1911 Liège, Belgium
1910
Nominated the only time by Jean Léonard Krutwig (1857–1932) from University of Liège .[ 60]
1911
Marie Curie
November 7, 1867 Warsaw , Poland
July 4, 1934 Sancellemoz , France
1911
First woman nominated and first woman to win the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ w] and Laureate of 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics too[ 61]
Paul Ehrlich
March 14, 1854 Strzelin , Poland
August 20, 1915 Bad Homburg , Germany
1911
Shared the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Il.Il.Metchnikoff ,[ 62] later nominated for "Work on chemotherapy."[ 63]
Sahachiro Hata
March 23, 1873 Masuda , Japan
November 22, 1938 Tokyo , Japan
Nominated jointly with P.Ehrlich the only time by Em.Th.Kocher and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ x] [ 63] [ 64] First Asian nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
William Henry Perkin Jr.
June 17, 1860 Wembley , England
September 17, 1929 Oxford , England
1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1922 ,[ b] 1925, 1929
[ 65]
Angelo Angeli
August 20, 1864 Tarcento , Italy
May 31, 1931 Florence , Italy
1911, 1913, 1917, 1918 ,[ b] 1922, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1931
[ 66]
Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann
June 9, 1861 Kingisepp , Russia
December 17, 1938 Göttingen , Germany
1911, 1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 ,[ b] 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934 ,[ b] 1935, 1936, 1937
[ 67]
1912
Fritz Haber
December 9, 1868 Wrocław , Poland
January 29, 1934 Basel , Switzerland
1911 ,[ b] 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917 ,[ b] 1918, 1919 , 1920 [ b]
Won the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ y] in 1919 .[ 68]
Hilaire de Chardonnet
May 1, 1839 Besançon , France
March 11, 1924 Paris , France
1912
Nominated the only time by H.Ost .[ 69]
William Gilbert Mixter [ b]
1846 Dixon, Illinois , United States
1936
1912
Self-nomination only
Floris Osmond [ b]
March 10, 1849 Paris , France
June 18, 1912 Saint-Leu-Taverny , France
1912, 1913
Nominated by H.L.Le Chatelier only
Philippe Barbier
March 2, 1848 Luzy , France
September 18, 1922 Bandol , France
1912, 1920, 1922
[ 70]
Georges Urbain
April 12, 1872 Paris , France
November 5, 1938 Paris , France
1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918 ,[ b] 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1939
[ 71]
1913
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
April 1, 1865 Vienna , Austria
September 23, 1929 Göttingen , Germany
1913, 1915, 1919 ,[ b] 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 ,[ b] 1926
Won the 1925 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ z] in 1926 .[ 72]
William Küster
September 23, 1863 Leipzig , Germany
March 5, 1929 Stuttgart , Germany
1913
[ 73] Jointly nominated only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ aa] [ 74] [ 75]
Leon Marchlewski
December 15, 1869 Wloclawek , Poland
January 16, 1946 Kraków , Poland
Karol Olszewski
January 29, 1846 Broniszów , Poland
March 24, 1915 Kraków , Poland
1913
Nominated the only time by K.Dziewoński and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 76]
Theodor Zincke
May 19, 1843 Uelzen , Germany
March 17, 1928 Marburg , Germany
1913
Nominated the only time by G.Heller .[ 77]
William Francis Hillebrand [ b]
December 12, 1853 Honolulu , Kingdom of Hawaii
February 7, 1925 United States
1913, 1914
Nominated by W.C.Böttger only
Carl Harries
August 5, 1866 Luckenwalde , Germany
November 3, 1923 Berlin , Germany
1913, 1914, 1915, 1917
[ 78]
Albert Recoura
January 20, 1862 Grenoble , France
December 21, 1945 Grenoble, France
1913, 1915, 1921, 1922, 1924
Nominated by H.L.Le Chatelier only.[ 79]
1914 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Otto Hahn
March 8, 1879 Frankfurt , Germany
July 28, 1968 Göttingen , Germany
1914, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 , 1946
Won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ ab] in 1945 and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 80]
Ernst Schmidt
July 13, 1845 Halle , Germany
July 5, 1921 Marburg , Germany
1914
Nominated the only time by J.Gadamer .[ 81]
Alexander Tschirch
October 17, 1856 Guben , Germany
December 2, 1939 Bern , Switzerland
1914, 1917, 1928
[ 82]
Paul Walden
July 26, 1863 Rozula , Latvia
January 22, 1957 Gammertingen , Germany
1913 ,[ b] 1914, 1918 ,[ b] 1920, 1922 ,[ b] 1927, 1928 ,[ b] 1934, 1947, 1948, 1954
[ 83]
1915
William Henry Bragg
July 2, 1862 Wigton , England
March 12, 1942 London , England
1915
Won the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics .[ 84]
Henry Moseley
November 23, 1887 Weymouth , England
August 10, 1915 Gallipoli , Turkey
1915
Nominated jointly with W.H.Bragg the only time by Sv.Arrhenius .Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 85] [ 86] Moseley has been killed before the only chance to be rewarded.
Charles Galton Darwin
December 18, 1887 Cambridge , England
December 31, 1962 Cambridge, England
Édouard Branly
November 23, 1844 Amiens , France
March 24, 1940 Paris , France
1915
Nominated the only time by H.L.Le Chatelier .Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 87]
Eugen Herzfeld
February 23, 1865 Košice , Slovakia
October 1, 1944 Lugano , Switzerland [ 88]
1915
Nominated the only time by Em.Baur .[ 89]
Emanuele Paternò
December 12, 1847 Palermo , Italy
January 17, 1925 Palermo , Italy
1915
Nominated the only time by Alb.Peratoner .[ 90]
Emil Abderhalden
March 9, 1877 Oberuzwil , Switzerland
August 5, 1950 Zürich , Switzerland
1915, 1918, 1923 [ b]
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ ac] [ 91] [ 92]
Jean Baptiste Perrin
September 30, 1870 Lille , France
April 17, 1942 New York City , United States
1915, 1919, 1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926
Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics .[ 93]
1916 - this year Prize was not awarded
Theodor Svedberg
August 30, 1883 Valbo , Sweden
February 25, 1971 Kopparberg , Sweden
1910,[ b] 1911,[ b] 1915 ,[ b] 1916, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1925 ,[ b] 1926
Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ ad] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 94]
Carl Bosch
August 27, 1874 Cologne , Germany
April 26, 1940 Heidelberg , Germany
1915 ,[ b] 1916, 1920, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931
Shared the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Fr.Bergius [ ae] .[ 95]
Frank Wigglesworth Clarke
March 19, 1847 Boston , United States
May 23, 1931 Chevy Chase, Maryland , United States
1916
Nominated the only time by Hiram Colver McNeil (1866–1937) from George Washington University .[ 96]
Felix Ehrlich
June 1, 1877 Bad Gandersheim , Germany
January 23, 1942 Oborniki Śląskie , Poland
1916
Nominated the only time by Alexander Herzfeld (1854–1928) from Institut für Zuckerindustrie .[ 97]
Émile Bourquelot
June 21, 1851 Jandun , France
January 26, 1921 Paris , France
1916, 1921 [ b]
[ 98]
Josef Maria Eder
March 16, 1855 Krems an der Donau , Austria
October 18, 1944 Kitzbuhel , Austria
1915 ,[ b] 1916, 1921
[ 99]
1917 - this year Prize was not awarded
Fritz Pregl
September 3, 1869 Ljubljana , Slovenia
December 13, 1930 Graz , Austria
1917, 1922, 1923
Won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ af] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 100]
Knut Jacob Beskow
January 13, 1876 Stockholm , Sweden
January 28, 1928 Stockholm, Sweden
1917
[ 101] Jointly nominated the only time by P.Klason [ 102]
Arthur Ramén
October 12, 1873 Uppsala , Sweden
September 30, 1926 Stockholm, Sweden
Karl Andreas Hofmann [ b]
April 2, 1870 Ansbach , Kingdom of Bavaria
October 15, 1940 Berlin-Charlottenburg , Germany
1917
Nominated the only time by Fr.Dolezalek
Arthur Michael [ b]
August 7, 1853 Buffalo, New York , United States
February 8, 1942 Orlando, Florida , United States
1917, 1922
Nominated by Th.W.Richards only
Karl Oskar Widman [ b]
January 2, 1852 Uppsala , Sweden
August 26, 1930
1917, 1924
Nominated by A.Angeli only
Philippe-Auguste Guye
June 12, 1862 Geneva , Switzerland
March 27, 1922 Geneva , Switzerland
1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922
[ 103]
Amé Pictet
July 12, 1857 Geneva , Switzerland
March 11, 1937 Geneva, Switzerland
1917, 1920, 1924, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933
[ 104]
1918 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Hartog Jacob Hamburger
March 9, 1859 Alkmaar , Netherlands
January 4, 1924 Groningen , Netherlands
1918
Nominated the only time by H.von Euler-Chelpin and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ ag] [ 105] [ 106]
Mikhail Tsvet
May 14, 1872 Asti , Italy
June 26, 1919 Voronezh , Russia
1918
Nominated the only time by Cornelis van Wisselingh (1859–1925) from University of Groningen .[ 107]
Arthur Louis Day
October 30, 1869 Brookfield, Massachusetts , United States
March 2, 1960 Washington, D.C. , United States
1918 [ b]
Nominated the only time by Fr.M.Jaeger
Robert Andrews Millikan
March 22, 1868 Morrison, Illinois , United States
December 19, 1953 San Marino, California , United States
Nominated jointly by James Bayard Clark (1869-?) the only time
Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin
October 4, 1858 (or October 9, 1854)Idvor , now Serbia
March 12, 1935 New York , United States
Wilhelm Schlenk
March 22, 1879 Munich , Germany
April 29, 1943 Tübingen , Germany
1918, 1920, 1924, 1925, 1929
[ 108]
1919 - this year Prize was not awarded
Martinus Beijerinck
March 16, 1851 Amsterdam , Netherlands
January 1, 1931 Gorssel , Netherlands
1917,[ b] 1918 ,[ b] 1919, 1920
Nominated by S.Orla-Jensen only.[ 109]
Edward Curtis Franklin
March 1, 1862 Geary County, Kansas , United States
February 13, 1937 Stanford University , United States
1919, 1921
Nominated by D.St.Jordan only.[ 110]
1920–1929
Picture
Name
Born
Died
Years nominated
Notes
1920 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Niels Bohr
October 7, 1885 Copenhagen , Denmark
November 18, 1962 Copenhagen , Denmark
1920, 1929
Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics .[ 111]
Otto Philipp Fischer
November 28, 1852 Euskirchen , Germany
April 4, 1932 Erlangen , Germany
1920
Nominated the only time by G.Heller .[ 112]
Domingo Emilio Noelting
June 8, 1851 Puerto Plata , Dominican Republic
August 6, 1922 Merano , Italy
1920
Nominated the only time by K.Dziewoński .[ 113]
Arthur Amos Noyes
September 13, 1866 Newburyport, Massachusetts , United States
June 3, 1936 Pasadena, California , United States
1920, 1927 [ b]
[ 114]
Ossian Aschan
May 16, 1860 Helsinki , Finland
February 25, 1939 Helsinki , Finland
1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1931, 1936
[ 115]
1921 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Friedrich Fichter
July 6, 1869Basel , Switzerland
June 6, 1952 Basel, Switzerland
1921 [ b]
Nominated the only time jointly with W.H.Nernst by J.Fr.C.Schall
Ludwig Knorr
December 2, 1859Munich , Kingdom of Bavaria
June 4, 1921 Jena , Germany
Nominated by B.L.P.Rassow the only time
Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft
1867Berlin , North German Confederation
Nominated by Sv.A.Arrhenius the only time
Charles Moureu
April 19, 1863 Mourenx , France
June 13, 1929 Biarritz , France
1921, 1929
[ 116]
Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen
January 9, 1868 Havrebjerg , Denmark
February 12, 1939 Copenhagen , Denmark
1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ ah] [ 105] [ 117]
Herbert Freundlich
January 28, 1880 Charlottenburg , Germany
March 30, 1941 Minneapolis , United States
1921, 1928, 1936
[ 118]
Moses Gomberg
February 8, 1866 Kropyvnytskyi , Ukraine
February 12, 1947 Ann Arbor, Michigan , United States
1915,[ b] 1916 ,[ b] 1921, 1922, 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1938, 1940
[ 119]
Sergei Winogradsky
September 1, 1856 Kyiv , Ukraine
February 25, 1953 Brie-Comte-Robert , France
1921, 1952
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ ai] [ 120] [ 121]
1922
Francis William Aston
September 1, 1877 Birmingham , England
November 20, 1945 Cambridge , England
1922 , 1923 [ b]
Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ aj] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 122]
Arnold Frederick Holleman
August 28, 1859 Oisterwijk , Netherlands
August 11, 1953 Bloemendaal , Netherlands
1922
Nominated the only time by J.J.Blanksma .[ 123]
Carl Auer von Welsbach
September 1, 1858 Vienna , Austria
August 4, 1929 Mölbling , Austria
1918,[ b] 1921 ,[ b] 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1929
[ 124]
Nikodem Caro
May 23, 1871 Łódź , Poland
June 27, 1935 Zürich , Switzerland
1922, 1932, 1933
[ 125]
Gilbert Newton Lewis
October 23, 1875 Weymouth, Massachusetts , United States
March 23, 1946 Berkeley, California , United States
1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946
[ 126]
1923
Ladislav Pračka
March 27, 1877Dolní Jelení , Austria-Hungary
December 9, 1922
1923 [ b]
Nominated the only time jointly with Ph.A.Guye and P.Walden by Albert Colson (4.3.1853 Varangéville - 12.4.1933 Paris )
Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft
October 30, 1920
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too by Sv.Aug.Arrhenius only
Henry Siedentopf
September 22, 1872 Bremen , Germany
May 8, 1940 Jena , Germany
1921 ,[ b] 1923, 1924
Nominated jointly with R.Ad.Zsigmondy by W.Ostwald only.[ 127]
Frederick Belding Power
March 4, 1853 New York , United States
March 26, 1927 Washington, D.C. , United States
1923, 1925
[ 128]
1924 - this year Prize was not awarded
Heinrich Otto Wieland
June 4, 1877 Pforzheim , Germany
August 5, 1947 Starnberg , Germany
1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928 , 1933, 1934
Won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ ak] in 1928 and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 129]
Hans von Euler-Chelpin
February 15, 1873 Augsburg , Germany
November 6, 1964 Stockholm , Sweden
1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929
Shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with A.Harden [ al] [ 130]
George de Hevesy
August 1, 1885 Budapest , Hungary
July 5, 1966 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
1924, 1927, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944
Won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ am] in 1944 and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics and in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 131]
Friedrich Emich
September 5, 1860 Graz , Austria
January 22, 1940 Graz , Austria
1924, 1925
Nominated jointly with W.Schlenk by Fr.Pregl only.[ 132]
Dirk Coster
October 5, 1889 Amsterdam , Netherlands
February 12, 1950 Groningen , Netherlands
1924, 1927, 1929, 1933
Nominated jointly with G.de Hevesy only.[ 133]
Lise Meitner
November 7, 1878 Vienna , Austria
October 27, 1968 Cambridge , England
1924, 1925, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1947, 1948
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 134]
1925 - Prize has been awarded a year later
André-Louis Debierne
July 14, 1874 Paris , France
August 31, 1949 Paris , France
1925
Nominated the only time by Albin Haller .[ 135]
Johannes Georg Gadamer
April 1, 1867Waldenburg, Silesia , North German Confederation
April 15, 1928Marburg , Germany
1925 [ b]
Nominated the only time jointly with H.K.A.S.von Euler-Chelpin , Th.Svedberg , H.O.Wieland , Ad.O.R.Windaus , R.Ad.Zsigmondy , M.Ern.A.Bodenstein , W.H.Perkin, Jr. , W.J.Schlenk and G.H.J.Ap.Tammann by Fr.A.Kötz
Emil Otto Paul Bruno Ramann
April 30, 1851Gut Dorotheenthal , German Confederation
January 19, 1926Munich , Germany
Nominated the only time by Edw.Blanck
John Jacob Abel
May 19, 1857 Cleveland , United States
May 26, 1938 Baltimore , United States
1925, 1926, 1927, 1930 [ b]
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ an] [ 136] [ 137]
1926
Adolf Windaus
December 25, 1876 Berlin , Germany
June 9, 1959 Göttingen , Germany
1925 ,[ b] 1926, 1927, 1928 , 1929 [ b]
Won the 1928 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ ao] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 138]
Fritz Foerster
February 22, 1866 Zielona Gora , Poland
September 14, 1931 Dresden , Germany
1926
Nominated jointly with H.O.Wieland the only time by L.H.Plate .[ 139]
Piero Ginori Conti
June 3, 1865 Florence , Italy
December 3, 1939 Florence , Italy
1926
Nominated the only time by P.Sabatier .[ 140]
Giuseppe Oddo
June 9, 1865 Caltavuturo , Italy
November 5, 1954 Palermo , Italy
1921 ,[ b] 1926, 1935 [ b]
Nominated by himself or by his brother B.Oddo only.[ 141]
Casimir Funk
February 23, 1884 Warsaw , Poland
November 19, 1967 New York City , United States
1926, 1946
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ ap] [ 142] [ 143]
Paul Pascal
July 4, 1880 Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise , France
January 26, 1968 Caen , France
1926, 1927, 1949, 1957, 1958, 1960
[ 144]
1927 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Irving Langmuir
January 31, 1881 Brooklyn , United States
August 16, 1957 Woods Hole, Massachusetts , United States
1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932
Won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ aq] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 145]
Peter Debye
March 24, 1884 Maastricht , Netherlands
November 2, 1966 New York City , United States
1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936
Won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ ar] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 146]
Frederick Gowland Hopkins
June 20, 1861 Eastbourne , England
May 16, 1947 Cambridge , England
1927
Won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .[ 147]
Herbert Baker
June 9, 1862 Owletts , England
February 4, 1946 Cobham, Kent , England
1927
[ 148] Nominated jointly the only time by C.Drucker [ 149]
Ernst Cohen
March 7, 1869 Amsterdam , Netherlands
March 6, 1944 Oswiecim , Poland
Olof Hammarsten
August 21, 1841 Norrköping , Sweden
September 21, 1932 Uppsala , Sweden
1911,[ b] 1914,[ b] 1915 ,[ b] 1927
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ as] [ 150] [ 151]
Julius Bredt
March 29, 1855 Berlin , Germany
September 21, 1937 Aachen , Germany
1924 ,[ b] 1927
Nominated the only time by G.Heller .[ 152]
Kurt Gustav Peters
August 17, 1897 Vienna , Austria
May 23, 1978 Vienna, Austria
1927
Nominated jointly with Fr.Paneth the only time by M.J.L.Le Blanc .[ 153]
Friedrich Paneth
August 31, 1887 Vienna , Austria
September 17, 1958 Mainz , Germany
1927, 1932, 1935, 1939, 1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958
[ 154]
Niels Bjerrum
March 11, 1879 Copenhagen , Denmark
September 30, 1958 Copenhagen, Denmark
1927, 1931, 1956
[ 155]
1928
Robert Robinson
September 13, 1886 Derbyshire , England
February 8, 1975 Great Missenden , England
1928, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947
Won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ at] .[ 156]
Samuel Colville Lind
June 15, 1879 McMinnville, Tennessee , United States
February 12, 1965 Clinch River near Oak Ridge, Tennessee , United States
1928
Nominated the only time by Colin Garfield Fink (1881–1953) - the President and the Secretary of the Electrochemical Society .[ 157]
Kazimierz Fajans
May 27, 1887 Warsaw , Poland
May 18, 1975 Michigan , United States
1924 ,[ b] 1928, 1934
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too [ 158]
Bruno Tacke
August 26, 1861 Wissen , Germany
October 28, 1942 Hagen , Germany
1928, 1936
Nominated by P.Ehrenberg only.[ 159]
Hans Fischer
July 27, 1881 Frankfurt , Germany
March 31, 1945 Munich , Germany
1928, 1929, 1930
Won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ au] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 160]
1929
Alfred Fabian Hess
October 9, 1875 New York City , United States
December 5, 1933 The Bronx , United States
1929
Nominated jointly with H.Fischer the only time by J.Wagner-Jauregg and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ av] [ 161] [ 162] [ 163]
Arthur Harden
October 12, 1865 Manchester , England
June 17, 1940 Wooburn Green , England
1929
Shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with H.von Euler-Chelpin [ al] [ 164]
Friedrich Bergius
October 11, 1884 Wrocław , Poland
March 30, 1949 Buenos Aires , Argentina
1929, 1931
Shared the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with C.Bosch [ ae] .[ 165]
Walter Norman Haworth
March 19, 1883 White Coppice , England
March 19, 1950 Barnt Green , England
1929, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937
Shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ aw] with P.Karrer .[ 166]
Otto Heinrich Warburg
October 8, 1883 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
August 1, 1970 Berlin , Germany
1929, 1931, 1960
Won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .[ 167]
George Barger
April 4, 1878 Manchester , England
January 6, 1939 Aeschi , Switzerland
1929
[ 168] Nominated jointly the only time and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ ax] [ 169] [ 170]
Charles Harington
August 1, 1897 Llanerfyl , Wales
February 4, 1972 London , England
Kurt Bennewitz
January 2, 1886 Magdeburg , Germany
November 28, 1964 Bonn , Germany
1929
Nominated the only time by J.Billiter .[ 171]
Johannes van Laar
July 10, 1860 The Hague , Netherlands
December 9, 1938 Clarens, Switzerland
1929
Nominated the only time by J.J.Blanksma .[ 172]
Alfred Stock
July 16, 1876 Gdańsk , Poland
August 12, 1946 Aken (Elbe) , Germany
1929
Nominated the only time by Alfons Franz Klemenc (1885–1960) from TU Wien .[ 173]
Heinrich Hubert Maria Josef Houben [ b]
October 27, 1875Waldfeucht , German Empire
June 28, 1940Tübingen , Germany
1929
Self-nomination the only time
Carl Neuberg
July 29, 1877 Hanover , Germany
May 30, 1956 New York City , United States
1921 ,[ b] 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ ay] [ 174] [ 175]
Frédéric Swarts
September 2, 1866 Ixelles , Belgium
September 6, 1940 Ghent , Belgium
1926 ,[ b] 1929, 1932, 1933, 1935
[ 176]
Max Bodenstein
July 15, 1871 Magdeburg , Germany
September 3, 1942 Berlin , Germany
1925 ,[ b] 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937
[ 177]
Otto Ruff
December 12, 1871 Baden-Württemberg , Germany
September 17, 1939 Wrocław , Poland
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937
[ 178]
Victor Goldschmidt
January 27, 1888 Zürich , Switzerland
March 20, 1947 Oslo , Norway
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1940
[ 179]
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted
February 22, 1879 Varde , Denmark
December 17, 1947 Copenhagen , Denmark
1929, 1933, 1948, 1949
[ 180]
Charles Dufraisse
August 20, 1885 Excideuil , France
August 5, 1969 Excideuil, France
1929, 1948, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1958
[ 181]
1930–1939
Picture
Name
Born
Died
Years nominated
Notes
1930
Percy Williams Bridgman
April 21, 1882 Cambridge, Massachusetts , United States
August 20, 1961 Randolph, New Hampshire , United States
1930
Won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics .[ 182]
Carl F. Schmidt
July 29, 1893 Lebanon, Pennsylvania , United States
April 4, 1988 Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania , United States
1930
[ 183]
Werner Karl Heisenberg [ b]
December 5, 1901 Würzburg , German Empire
February 1, 1976 Munich , Germany
1930, 1931
Nominated jointly with Arn.Th.Eucken and K.-Fr.Bonhoeffer only by J.B.Perrin [ 184]
Arnold Thomas Eucken
July 3, 1884 Jena , Germany
June 16, 1950 Seebruck , Germany
1930, 1931 [ b] , 1934
Nominated jointly with K.-Fr.Bonhoeffer only.[ 185]
Karl-Friedrich Bonhoeffer
January 13, 1899 Wrocław , Poland
May 15, 1957 Göttingen , Germany
1930, 1931 [ b] , 1934, 1937, 1952
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 186]
1931
Leopold Ružička
September 13, 1887 Vukovar , Croatia
September 26, 1976 Mammern , Switzerland
1931, 1933 [ b] , 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939
Shared the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ az] with Ad.Fr.J.Butenandt .[ 187]
Hermann Staudinger
March 23, 1881 Worms, Germany
September 8, 1965 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
1931, 1932, 1934, 1935, 1939, 1941, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953
Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ ba] [ 188]
Werner Schulemann
May 4, 1888 Nysa, Poland
June 20, 1975 Bonn , Germany
1931
Nominated the only time by H.K.G.Schmidt and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ bb] [ 189] [ 190]
Karl von Auwers
September 16, 1863 Gotha , Germany
May 3, 1939 Marburg , Germany
1931
[ 191]
Nicola Parravano [ b]
July 21, 1883 Fontana Liri , Kingdom of Italy
August 10, 1938 Fiuggi , Kingdom of Italy
1931
Frederick George Donnan
September 6, 1870 Colombo , Sri Lanka
December 16, 1956 Canterbury , England
1931, 1933
[ 192]
Peter Klason
April 4, 1848 Falkenberg , Sweden
January 1, 1937 Stockholm , Sweden
1931, 1932, 1934, 1935
[ 193]
James Irvine
May 9, 1877 Glasgow , Scotland
June 12, 1952 Edinburgh , Scotland
1931, 1935, 1936
Nominated jointly with W.N.Haworth only.[ 194]
Werner Kuhn
February 6, 1899 Maur, Switzerland
August 27, 1963 Basel , Switzerland
1931, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964
[ 195]
1932
Paul Karrer
April 21, 1889 Moscow , Russia
June 18, 1971 Zürich , Switzerland
1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937
Shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ bc] with Walter Norman Haworth .[ 196]
Richard Kuhn
December 3, 1900 Vienna , Austria
August 1, 1967 Heidelberg , Germany
1932, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1939
Won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ bd] in 1939 .[ 197]
Otto Diels
January 23, 1876 Hamburg , Germany
March 7, 1954 Kiel , Germany
1931 ,[ b] 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1949, 1950
Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with K.Alder [ be] [ 198]
Gustav Embden
November 10, 1874 Hamburg , Germany
July 25, 1933 Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany
1932
Nominated jointly with C.Neuberg the only time by H.von Euler-Chelpin and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ bf] [ 199] [ 200]
Walter Noddack
August 17, 1893 Berlin , Germany
December 7, 1960 Berlin , Germany
1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937
[ 201]
1933 - this year Prize was not awarded
Ida Tacke Noddack
February 25, 1896 Rhine Province , Germany
September 24, 1978 Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler , Germany
1933, 1935, 1937
Nominated jointly with W.Noddack only.[ 202]
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
January 15, 1895 Helsinki , Finland
November 11, 1973 Helsinki , Finland
1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945
Won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ bg] [ 203]
Ernst Späth
May 14, 1886 Moravský Beroun , Czechia
September 30, 1946 Zürich , Switzerland
1933
Nominated jointly with P.Karrer the only time by K.Brass .[ 204]
Emil Votoček
October 5, 1872 Hostinné , Czechia
October 11, 1950 Prague , Czechia
1933
[ 205]
1934
Adolf Butenandt
March 24, 1903 Bremerhaven , Germany
January 18, 1995 Munich , Germany
1934, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939
Shared the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ bh] with L.Ružička and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 206]
Jaroslav Heyrovský
December 20, 1890 Prague , Czechia
March 27, 1967 Prague , Czechia
1934, 1938, 1940, 1944, 1947, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959
Won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ bi] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics and in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 207]
Harold Clayton Urey
April 29, 1893 Walkerton, Indiana , United States
January 5, 1981 La Jolla, California , United States
1934
Won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ bj] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 208]
Edward Wight Washburn
May 10, 1881 Beatrice, Nebraska , United States
February 6, 1934 Washington, D.C. , United States
1934
Nominated jointly with H.Cl.Urey the only time by Th.Svedberg .[ 209] Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
Discoverers of Heavy Water [ b]
1934
Nominated by W.Dilthey the only time
Louis Camille Maillard
February 4, 1878 Pont-à-Mousson , France
May 12, 1936 Paris , France
1934
Nominated the only time by R.Maire .[ 210]
Fritz Micheel
July 3, 1900 Strasburg, Germany
June 8, 1982 Münster , Germany
1934 [ b]
Nominated jointly with W.N.Haworth , P.Karrer and Edm.L.Hirst by W.Dilthey the only time
David Reichinstein
June 9, 1882 Mogilev , Russian Empire
November 4, 1955 Zürich , Switzerland
Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi
September 16, 1893 Budapest , Austria-Hungary
October 22, 1986 Woods Hole, Massachusetts , United States
Fritz Kögl
September 19, 1897 Munich , Germany
June 6, 1959 Utrecht , Netherlands
1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ bk] [ 211] [ 212]
Erik Karl Mauritz Hägglund
June 15, 1887 Timrå , Sweden
March 13, 1959 Stockholm , Sweden
1934, 1956
[ 213]
1935
Frédéric Joliot
March 19, 1900 Paris , France
August 14, 1958 Paris , France
1935 , 1936 [ b]
[ 214] Shared the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ bl] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too [ 215]
Irène Joliot-Curie
September 12, 1897 Paris , France
March 17, 1956 Paris , France
Enrico Fermi
September 9, 1901 Rome , Italy
November 28, 1954 Chicago , United States
1935, 1936, 1937
Won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics .[ 216]
George Oliver Curme Jr.
December 24, 1888 Mount Vernon, Iowa , United States
July 28, 1976 Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts , United States
1935
Nominated jointly with Ph.Levene the only time by M.T.Bogert .[ 217]
Phoebus Levene
February 25, 1869 Žagarė , Lithuania
September 6, 1940 New York City , United States
1935
Nominated jointly with G.Ol.Curme Jr. the only time by M.T.Bogert and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ bm] [ 218] [ 219]
Colin Garfield Fink[ 220]
December 31, 1881 Hoboken, New Jersey , United States
September 17, 1953 Red Bank, New Jersey , United States
1935
Nominated the only time by Harold Hibbert (1877–1945) from McGill University .[ 221]
Max Bergmann
February 12, 1886 Fürth , Germany
November 7, 1944 New York City , United States
1935, 1940
Nominated by K.Landsteiner only.[ 222]
1936
William Giauque
May 12, 1895 Niagara Falls , Canada
March 28, 1982 Berkeley, California , United States
1936, 1937, 1942, 1947, 1948, 1949
Won the 1949 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ bn] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 223]
Kurt Alder
July 10, 1902 Chorzow , Poland
June 20, 1958 Cologne , Germany
1936, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1949, 1950
Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with O.Diels [ be] .[ 224]
Umetaro Suzuki
April 7, 1874 Shizuoka, Shizuoka , Japan
September 20, 1943 Tokyo , Japan
1927 [ b] , 1936
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ bo] [ 225] [ 226]
William Arthur Bone
March 19, 1871 Stockton-on-Tees , England
June 11, 1938 London , England
1936
Nominated the only time by James Charles Philip (1873–1941) from Imperial College London .[ 227]
Jacob Heslinga
August 24, 1896 Pingjum , Netherlands
1966
1936
[ 228] Nominated jointly[ 229] the only time by J.J.Blanksma [ 230]
Henri ter Meulen
November 30, 1871 Amsterdam , Netherlands
June 24, 1942 The Hague , Netherlands
Otto Hönigschmid
March 13, 1878 Horovice , Czechia
October 14, 1945 Munich , Germany
1936
Nominated the only time by Hermann Pauly .[ 231]
Jens Möller
July 2, 1894 Warnitz , Denmark
November 28, 1951 Gråsten , Denmark
1936
Nominated the only time by P.E.Raaschou .[ 232]
IG Farben 's research laboratory, Elberfeld [ b]
December 2, 1925 Germany
October 31, 2012 Germany
1936
Nominated the only time by J.Wagner-Jauregg
Wojciech Świętosławski
June 21, 1881 Kiryjówka , Poland
April 29, 1968 Warsaw , Poland
1936, 1950, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962
[ 233]
1937
Hugo Theorell
July 6, 1903 Linköping , Sweden
August 15, 1982 Stockholm , Sweden
1937, 1938, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955
Won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .[ 234]
Marc Tiffeneau
November 5, 1873 Mouy , France
May 20, 1945 Paris , France
1937
Nominated the only time by Jean-Louis Chelle (1881–1960) from University of Bordeaux .[ 235]
Arthur Heinrich Binz
November 12, 1868 Bonn , Germany
January 25, 1943 Berlin , Germany
1937
[ 236] Professors of Chemistry from the Agricultural College in Berlin nominated jointly the only time by Hans Albert Bausch .[ 237]
Curt Räth[ 238]
December 1, 1893 Schöneberg , Germany
November 29, 1944 Charlottenburg , Germany
Franz Joseph Emil Fischer
March 19, 1877 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
December 1, 1947 Munich , Germany
1937
Nominated jointly with Fr.Hofmann the only time by Ernst Terres .[ 239]
Fritz Hofmann
November 2, 1866 Kölleda , Germany
October 29, 1956 Hanover , Germany
1937
[ 240]
Gustaf Komppa
July 28, 1867 Vyborg , Russia
January 20, 1949 Helsinki , Finland
1937, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945
[ 241]
Paul Harteck
July 20, 1902 Vienna , Austria
January 22, 1985 Santa Barbara, California , United States
1937, 1952
[ 242]
Fritz London
March 7, 1900 Breslau , now Poland
March 30, 1954 Durham, North Carolina , United States
1937, 1942, 1950, 1963
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 243]
1938 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Wendell Meredith Stanley
August 16, 1904 Ridgeville, Indiana , United States
June 15, 1971 Salamanca , Spain
1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946
Shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with J.H.Northrop [ bp] and J.B.Sumner and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 244]
William Draper Harkins
December 28, 1873 Titusville, Pennsylvania , United States
March 7, 1951 Chicago , United States
1933 ,[ b] 1938
[ 245]
Jacob Böeseken
August 20, 1868 Rotterdam , Netherlands
May 16, 1949 Delft , Netherlands
1938
Nominated the only time by H. ter Meulen [ 246]
Victor Henri
June 6, 1872 Marseille , France
June 21, 1940 La Rochelle , France
1938
Nominated the only time by J.Errera .[ 247]
Vladimir Ipatieff
November 21, 1867 Moscow , Russia
November 29, 1952 Chicago , United States
1938, 1941, 1942, 1948, 1949, 1950
[ 248]
Arthur Stoll
January 8, 1887 Schinznach-Dorf , Switzerland
January 13, 1971 Dornach , Switzerland
1938, 1940, 1942, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1960
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ bq] [ 249] [ 250]
1939
Georg Bredig
October 1, 1868 Glogow , Poland
April 24, 1944 New York City , United States
1922 ,[ b] 1939
[ 251]
Frederick Charles Bawden
August 18, 1908 Devonshire , England
February 8, 1972 Hertfordshire , England
1939
[ 252] Nominated jointly the only time by Th.Svedberg and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ br] [ 253] [ 254]
Norman Pirie
July 1, 1907 Easebourne , England
March 29, 1997 Harpenden , England
Paul Job[ 255]
December 4, 1886 Nancy, France
July 29, 1957 Paris , France
1939
Nominated the only time by Marcel Lemarchands (1889–1943) from the University of Lyon .[ 256]
Maurice Piettre[ 257]
January 14, 1878 Paris , France
January 13, 1954 Paris , France
1939
Nominated the only time by L.de Broglie .[ 258]
Francesco Giordani
July 5, 1896 Naples , Italy
January 24, 1961 Naples , Italy
1939
[ 259]
Dorothy Maud Wrinch
September 12, 1894 Rosario , Argentina
February 11, 1976 Falmouth,_Massachusetts , United States
1939
[ 260]
Conrad Elvehjem
May 27, 1901 McFarland, Wisconsin , United States
July 27, 1962 Madison, Wisconsin , United States
1939, 1944
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ bs] [ 261] [ 262]
Ernest Fourneau
October 4, 1872 Biarritz , France
August 5, 1949 Ascain , France
1939, 1940, 1949
[ 263]
Robley Cook Williams
October 13, 1908 Santa Rosa, California , United States
January 3, 1995 New York City , United States
1939, 1940, 1945, 1948, 1956
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ bt] [ 264] [ 265]
1940–1949
Picture
Name
Born
Died
Years nominated
Notes
1940 - this year Prize was not awarded
Linus Pauling
February 28, 1901 Portland, Oregon , United States
August 19, 1994 Big Sur , United States
1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954 , 1955
Won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ bu] and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize .Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 266]
Fritz Weigert
September 18, 1876 Berlin , Germany
April 13, 1947 Berlin , Germany
1940
Nominated the only time by H.von Halban .[ 267]
Jacques Tréfouël
November 9, 1897 Le Raincy , France
July 11, 1977 Paris , France
1940, 1944, 1946, 1950, 1951
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ bv] [ 268] [ 269]
Christopher Kelk Ingold
October 28, 1893 London , England
December 8, 1970 Edgware , England
1940, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 270]
John Howard Northrop
July 5, 1891 Yonkers, New York , United States
May 27, 1987 Wickenburg, Arizona , United States
1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946
[ bp] [ 271] Shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with W.M.Stanley and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ bw] [ 272]
1941 - this year Prize was not awarded
James Batcheller Sumner
November 19, 1887 Canton, Massachusetts , United States
August 12, 1955 Buffalo, New York , United States
1941, 1944, 1945, 1946
Moses Kunitz
December 19, 1887 Slonim , Belarus
April 21, 1978 Philadelphia , United States
1941
Nominated jointly with J.H.Northrop and J.B.Sumner only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ bx] [ 273] [ 274]
Rudolph Schoenheimer
May 10, 1898 Berlin , Germany
September 11, 1941 Yonkers, New York , United States
1941
Nominated jointly with G.Ch.de Hevesy the only time by H.Urey and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ by] [ 275] [ 276]
Paul Niggli
June 26, 1888 Zofingen , Switzerland
January 13, 1953 Zürich , Switzerland
1941
[ 277]
Donald Van Slyke
March 29, 1883 Pike, New York , United States
May 4, 1971 Brookhaven, New York , United States
1941, 1945
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ bz] [ 278] [ 279]
Albert Marcel Germain René Portevin
November 1, 1880 Paris , France
April 12, 1962 Paris , France
1941, 1945, 1948, 1950, 1959
Nominated by G.-L.Chaudron only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 280]
1942 - this year Prize was not awarded
René Bernard Wurmser
September 24, 1890 Paris , France
November 9, 1993 Paris , France
1942
Nominated the only time by J.B.Perrin .[ 281]
Ernest Kennaway
May 23, 1881 Exeter , England
January 1, 1958 London , England
1942, 1944
Nominated jointly with J.W.Cook only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ ca] [ 282] [ 283]
James Wilfred Cook
December 10, 1900 South Kensington , England
October 21, 1975 Exeter , England
1942, 1944, 1950, 1952
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ ca] [ 282] [ 284]
Walter Heitler
January 2, 1904 Karlsruhe , Germany
November 15, 1981 Zollikon , Switzerland
1942, 1950, 1959, 1963, 1964, 1969, 1970
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 285]
1943 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Tadeusz Reichstein
July 20, 1897 Wloclawek , Poland
August 1, 1996 Basel , Switzerland
1943, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950
Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edw.C.Kendall and Ph.Sh.Hench .[ 286]
1944 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Vincent du Vigneaud
May 18, 1901 Chicago , United States
December 11, 1978 White Plains, New York , United States
1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955 , 1956
Won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ cb] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 287]
Harry Steenbock
August 16, 1886 Charlestown, Wisconsin , United States
December 25, 1967 Madison, Wisconsin , United States
1944
Nominated the only time by Olaf Andreas Hougen (1893–1986) from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ cc] [ 162] [ 288]
Edward Charles Dodds
October 13, 1899 Liverpool , England
December 16, 1973 London , England
1944
Nominated jointly with Ern.Kennaway , J.W.Cook , Fr.Kögl and Kl.Clusius the only time by J.B.Gillis and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ cd] [ 289] [ 290]
Klaus Clusius
March 19, 1903 Wrocław , Poland
May 28, 1963 Zürich , Switzerland
1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 291]
Karl Paul Link
January 31, 1901 LaPorte, Indiana , United States
November 21, 1978 Madison, Wisconsin , United States
1944, 1960
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ ce] [ 292] [ 293]
Henry Eyring
February 20, 1901 Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua , Mexico
December 26, 1981 Salt Lake City, Utah , Mexico
1944, 1950, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 294]
1945
Arne Fredrik Westgren
July 11, 1889 Årjäng , Sweden
March 7, 1975 Stockholm , Sweden
1945
Nominated the only time by Donald Pritchard Smith (1879–1957) from the Princeton University .[ 295]
1946
Glenn Theodore Seaborg
April 19, 1912 Ishpeming, Michigan , United States
February 25, 1999 Lafayette, California , United States
1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951 , 1955
Shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edw.McMillan [ cf] .[ 296]
Robert Burns Woodward
April 10, 1917 Boston , United States
July 8, 1979 Cambridge, Massachusetts , United States
1946, 1947, 1948, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965
Woodward holds the highest record as the most nominated person for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and won on 1965 [ cg] . He was nominated 111 times.[ 297]
Hans Adolf Krebs
August 25, 1900 Hildesheim , Germany
November 22, 1981 Oxford , England
1946, 1950
Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .[ 298]
Hugh Stott Taylor
February 6, 1890 St. Helens, Merseyside , England
April 17, 1974 Princeton, New Jersey , United States
1946
Nominated the only time by N.H.Furman .[ 299]
William von Eggers Doering
June 22, 1917 Fort Worth, Texas , United States
January 3, 2011 Waltham, Massachusetts , United States
1946, 1947, 1968
[ 300]
Alexander Frumkin
October 24, 1895 Chișinău , Moldova
May 27, 1976 Tula, Russia
1946, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969
[ 301]
Nikolay Semyonov
April 15, 1896 Saratov , Russia
September 25, 1986 Moscow , Russia
1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1955, 1956 , 1957
[ 302] Shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ ch] [ 303]
1947
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
June 19, 1897 London , England
October 9, 1967 London, England
1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956
Arne Tiselius
August 10, 1902 Stockholm , Sweden
October 29, 1971 Uppsala , Sweden
1947, 1948
Won the 1948 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ ci] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 304]
Henri Devaux[ 305]
July 6, 1862 Étaules, Charente-Maritime , France
March 14, 1956 Bordeaux , France
1947
Nominated the only time by L.Genevois .[ 306]
Leo Szilard
February 11, 1898 Budapest , Hungary
May 30, 1964 San Diego, California , United States
1947
Nominated the only time by M.Polanyi and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 307]
J.R. Geigy SA (founded by J. R. Geigy-Merian)[ 308] [ 309]
1857 Basel , Switzerland
1970 Basel , Switzerland
1947
Nominated jointly with P.Läuger the only time by Bawa Kartar Singh (1886–1960) from the University of the Punjab . First and last company nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ 310]
Paul Läuger [ 311]
1896
1959
1947
Nominated jointly with J.R. Geigy SA the only time by Bawa Kartar Singh (1886–1960) from the University of the Punjab and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ cj] [ 312] [ 313]
Otto Robert Frisch
October 1, 1904 Vienna , Austria
September 22, 1979 Cambridge , England
1947, 1948
Nominated jointly with L.Meitner by N.Bohr only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 314]
1948
Edwin McMillan
September 18, 1907 Redondo Beach, California , United States
September 7, 1991 El Cerrito, California , United States
1948, 1951
Shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Gl.Th.Seaborg [ cf] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 315]
Philip Abelson
April 27, 1913 Tacoma, Washington , United States
August 1, 2004 Bethesda, Maryland , United States
1948
Nominated jointly with Edw.McMillan the only time by Don Merlin Lee Yost (1893–1977) from the California Institute of Technology .[ 316]
Paul Lebeau
December 19, 1868 Boiscommun , France
November 18, 1959 Massy, Essonne , France
1948
Nominated the only time by L.Hackspill .[ 317]
David Rittenberg
November 11, 1906 New York City , United States
January 24, 1970 New York City, United States
1948
Nominated the only time by Egbert Havinga (1909–1988) from Leiden University and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too . [ 318]
Alfred Mirsky
October 17, 1900 New York City , United States
June 19, 1974 New York City, United States
1948
Nominated the only time by H.K.A.S.von Euler-Chelpin .[ 319]
Paul Rabe
August 24, 1869 Hoym , Germany
August 28, 1952 Hamburg , Germany
1948
Nominated jointly with R.B.Woodward the only time by L.Zechmeister .[ 320]
Gerhard Dickel
October 28, 1913 Augsburg , Germany
November 3, 2017 Augsburg , Germany
1948
Nominated jointly with Kl.Clusius the only time by H.Urey .[ 321]
Joseph William Kennedy
May 30, 1916 Nacogdoches, Texas , United States
May 5, 1957 St. Louis, Missouri , United States
1948
Nominated jointly with Gl.T.Seaborg the only time by H.Urey .[ 322]
Pierre Armand Jacquet
April 7, 1906 Saint-Mandé , France
September 6, 1967 Banyuls-sur-Mer , France
1948, 1950
Nominated jointly with Alb.Portevin and Ch.Dufraisse by G.-L.Chaudron only.[ 323]
Morris Selig Kharasch
August 24, 1895 Kremenets' , Ukraine
October 9, 1957 Copenhagen , Denmark
1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957
[ 324]
Roger Adams
January 2, 1889 Boston , United States
July 6, 1971 Urbana, Illinois , United States
1948, 1949, 1952, 1957, 1959, 1960
[ 325]
Hans Meerwein
May 20, 1879 Hamburg , Germany
October 24, 1965 Marburg , Germany
1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965
[ 326]
Arvid Hedvall
January 18, 1888 Skara , Sweden
December 24, 1974 Gothenburg , Sweden
1948, 1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1969
[ 327]
Chester Hamlin Werkman
June 17, 1893 Fort Wayne, Indiana , United States
September 10, 1962 Ames, Iowa , United States
1948, 1949, 1950, 1952
[ 328] Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ ck] [ 329] Nominated jointly with Ch.H.Werkman only[ 330]
1949
Harland Goff Wood
September 2, 1907 Delavan, Minnesota , United States
September 12, 1991 Cleveland , United States
1949, 1950, 1952
Albert Kluyver
June 3, 1888 Breda , Netherlands
May 14, 1956 Delft , Netherlands
1949
Nominated jointly with Ch.H.Werkman the only time by A.I.Virtanen .[ 331]
Alexander Robertus Todd
October 2, 1907 Glasgow , Scotland
January 10, 1997 Oakington , England
1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957
Won the 1957 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ cl] .[ 332]
Edward Calvin Kendall
March 8, 1886 South Norwalk , United States
May 4, 1972 Princeton, New Jersey , United States
1949
Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with T.Reichstein and Ph.Sh.Hench .[ 333]
Edwin Joseph Cohn
December 17, 1892 New York City , United States
October 1, 1953 Boston , United States
1949
Nominated the only time by George Scatchard (1892–1973) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ cm] [ 334] [ 335]
George William Heise[ 336]
June 27, 1888 Milwaukee , United States
1972 United States
1949
Nominated the only time by Sherlock Swann Jr. (1900–1983) from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign .[ 337]
Karl Miescher
January 8, 1892 Naples , Italy
April 14, 1974 Riehen , Switzerland
1949
Nominated the only time by L.Fieser .[ 338]
George Malcolm Dyson
April 5, 1902 London , England
December 16, 1978 Loughborough , England
1949
[ 339] Nominated jointly the only time by Ernest H. Huntress (1899–1970) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology [ 340]
Friedrich Richter[ 341]
September 1, 1896 Berlin , Germany
November 22, 1961 Frankfurt , Germany
Domingo Giribaldo
January 25, 1860 Pando, Uruguay
July 9, 1950 Montevideo , Uruguay
1949
First Latin American nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[ 342]
Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff
August 9, 1897 Geneva, New York , United States
November 3, 1994 Tucson, Arizona , United States
1949, 1952
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ cn] [ 343] [ 344]
David Keilin
March 21, 1887 Moscow , Russia
February 27, 1963 Cambridge , England
1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1960
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ co] [ 345] [ 346]
Karl August Folkers
September 1, 1906 Decatur, Illinois , United States
December 7, 1997 New London, New Hampshire , United States
1949, 1954, 1958, 1961, 1962
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ cp] [ 347] [ 348]
Walter Reppe
July 29, 1892 Eisenach , Germany
July 26, 1969 Heidelberg , Germany
1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1966
[ 349]
William Cumming Rose
April 4, 1887 Greenville, South Carolina , United States
September 25, 1985 Urbana, Illinois , United States
1949, 1950, 1957, 1959, 1962, 1966
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ cq] [ 350] [ 351]
Michael Heidelberger
April 29, 1888 New York City , United States
June 25, 1991 New York City, United States
1949, 1953, 1962, 1968
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ cr] [ 352] [ 353]
1950–1959
Picture
Name
Born
Died
Years nominated
Notes
1950
Archer Martin
March 1, 1910 London , England
July 28, 2002 Llangarron , England
1950, 1951, 1952
[ 354] Shared the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ cs] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ 355]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge
October 28, 1914 Liverpool , England
August 18, 1994 Norwich , England
Melvin Calvin
April 8, 1911 St. Paul, Minnesota , United States
January 8, 1997 Berkeley, California , United States
1950, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961
Won the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ ct] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 356]
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin
May 12, 1910 Cairo , Egypt
July 29, 1994 Ilmington , England
1950, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964
Won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ cu] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 357]
Robert S. Mulliken
June 7, 1896 Newburyport, Massachusetts , United States
October 31, 1986 Arlington, Virginia , United States
1950, 1957, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966
Won the 1966 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ cv] [ 358]
Paul Flory
June 19, 1910 Sterling, Illinois , United States
September 9, 1985 Big Sur, California , United States
1950, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1970
Won the 1974 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ cw] [ 359]
Selman Waksman
July 22, 1888 Nova Pryluka , Ukraine
August 16, 1973 Woods Hole, Massachusetts , United States
1950, 1951
Won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .[ 360]
Fritz Albert Lipmann
June 12, 1899 Königsberg , Germany
July 24, 1986 Poughkeepsie, New York , United States
1950, 1952
Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .[ 361]
George Beadle
October 22, 1903 Wahoo, Nebraska , United States
June 9, 1989 Pomona, California , United States
1950, 1954
Shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edw.Tatum [ 362]
Thérèse Tréfouël
June 19, 1892 Paris , France
November 9, 1978 Paris , France
1950
[ 363] Nominated the only time jointly with J.Tréfouël [ 364]
Gladwin Albert Hurst Buttle[ 365]
April 11, 1899 Godstone , England
May 3, 1983 Fulham , England
Arthur Wahl
September 8, 1917 Des Moines, Iowa , United States
March 6, 2006 Santa Fe, New Mexico , United States
1950
.[ 366] Nominated jointly with Gl.Th.Seaborg and B.B.Cunningham the only time by Otto Hahn [ 367] [ 368] [ 369] [ 370] [ 371] [ 372]
John Warren Hamaker
October 25, 1917 Montreal , Canada
June 13, 2000 Contra Costa County, California , United States
Glenn E. Sheline [ 373]
1918 Flint, Michigan , United States
March 24, 1989 San Mateo, California , United States
Wendell Mitchell Latimer
April 22, 1893 Garnett, Kansas , United States
July 6, 1955 Berkeley, California , United States
Louis Werner
June 17, 1921 Idaho , United States
May 20, 2007 San Francisco , United States
Isadore Perlman
April 12, 1915 Milwaukee , United States
August 3, 1991 Los Alamitos, California , United States
Paul Kirk
May 9, 1902 Colorado Springs, Colorado , United States
June 5, 1970 Alameda, California , United States
Raphael Consden[ 374]
1911 England
November, 1980 Taplow , England
1950, 1951
[ 375] Nominated jointly[ 376] with A.J.P.Martin only[ 377]
Arthur Hugh Gordon
1916
2003 Camden Town , England
Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang
November 29, 1896 Frederiksberg , Denmark
May 25, 1959 Copenhagen , Denmark
1950, 1953, 1956, 1958
[ 378]
Edward Joseph Conway
July 3, 1894 Nenagh , Ireland
December 29, 1968 Dublin , Ireland
1950, 1959
Nominated by Thomas S. Wheeler (1899–1962) from University College Dublin only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ cx] [ 379] [ 380]
Hermann Irving Schlesinger
October 11, 1882 Milwaukee , United States
October 3, 1960 Chicago , United States
1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961
[ 381]
Choh Hao Li
April 21, 1913 Guangzhou , China
November 28, 1987 California , United States
1950, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1967
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ cy] [ 382] First Chinese nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[ 383]
Burris Bell Cunningham
February 16, 1912 Springer, New Mexico , United States
March 28, 1971 Berkeley, California , United States
1950, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 384]
1951
Willard Libby
December 17, 1908 Parachute, Colorado , United States
September 8, 1980 Los Angeles , United States
1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960
Won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ cz] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 385]
Max Perutz
May 19, 1914 Vienna , Austria
February 6, 2002 Cambridge , England
1951, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962 , 1963
Shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with J.Kendrew [ da] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 386]
Yasuhiko Asahina
April 16, 1881 Tokyo , Japan
June 30, 1975 Tokyo , Japan
1951, 1952
[ 387]
Axel Edvin Lindh
January 10, 1888 Lund , Sweden
August 14, 1960 Lund , Sweden
1951, 1953
Nominated by J.Stark only.[ 388]
Ian Heilbron
November 6, 1886 Glasgow , Scotland
September 14, 1959 London , England
1951, 1953
[ 389]
Rudolph Peters
April 13, 1889 Kensington , England
January 29, 1982 Cambridge , England
1951, 1969
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ db] [ 390] [ 391]
1952
Frederick Sanger
August 13, 1918 Rendcomb , England
November 19, 2013 Cambridge , England
1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958
Sanger twice won the 1958[ dc] and 1980 (jointly with W.Gilbert [ dd] and P.Berg ) Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 392]
Frits Zernike
July 16, 1888 Amsterdam , Netherlands
March 10, 1966 Amersfoort , Netherlands
1952
Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics .[ 393]
Claude Hudson
January 26, 1881 Atlanta , United States
December 27, 1952 Los Angeles , United States
1952
[ 394]
Walther Kossel
January 4, 1888 Berlin , Germany
May 22, 1956 Tübingen , Germany
1952
Nominated the only time by M.von Laue and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 395]
Francis Simon
July 2, 1893 Berlin , Germany
October 31, 1956 Oxford , England
1952, 1954
Nominated by W.Jost only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 396]
William Hume-Rothery
May 15, 1899 Worcester Park , England
September 27, 1968 Oxford , England
1952, 1957
Nominated by C.St.Smith only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 397]
Marguerite Perey
October 19, 1909 Villemomble , France
May 13, 1975 Louveciennes , France
1952, 1958, 1961, 1965, 1966
[ 398]
Lyman Craig
June 12, 1906 Palmyra Township, Warren County, Iowa , United States
July 7, 1974 Iowa , United States
1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1969
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ de] [ 399] [ 400]
Erich Müller (probably Erwin Wilhelm Müller )
June 13, 1911 ? Berlin , Germany ?
May 17, 1977 ? Washington, D.C. , United States ?
1952, 1967, 1969
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 401] [ 402]
Alexander Braunstein
May 26, 1902 Kharkiv , Ukraine
July 1, 1986 Moscow , Russia
1952, 1967, 1969
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too . [ 403]
Walter Hieber
December 18, 1895 Stuttgart , Germany
November 29, 1976 Munich , Germany
1952, 1956, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969
[ 404]
1953
Emilio Segrè
January 30, 1905 Tivoli, Lazio , Italy
April 22, 1989 Lafayette, California , United States
1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958
Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics with O.Chamberlain .[ 405]
Øjvind Winge
May 19, 1886 Aarhus , Denmark
April 5, 1964 Copenhagen , Denmark
1953
Nominated the only time by R.Fisher .[ 406]
Izaak Maurits Kolthoff
February 11, 1894 Almelo , Netherlands
March 4, 1993 St. Paul, Minnesota , United States
1953, 1963, 1970
[ 407]
1954
Edward Tatum
December 14, 1909 Boulder, Colorado , United States
November 5, 1975 New York City , United States
1954
Shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with G.Beadle .[ 408]
Karl Ziegler
November 26, 1898 Helsa , Germany
August 12, 1973 Mülheim , Germany
1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963
[ 409] Shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ df] [ 410]
1955
Giulio Natta
February 26, 1903 Imperia , Italy
May 2, 1979 Bergamo , Italy
1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963
George Porter
December 6, 1920 Stainforth, South Yorkshire , England
August 31, 2002 Canterbury , England
1955, 1956, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967
Shared the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with M.Eigen and R.G.Wr.Norrish [ dg] [ 411]
Lars Onsager
November 27, 1903 Kristiania , Norway
October 6, 1976 Coral Gables, Florida , United States
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968
Won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ dh] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 412]
Louis Fieser
April 7, 1899 Columbus, Ohio , United States
July 25, 1977 Belmont, Massachusetts , United States
1955
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too . "Studies on vitamin K."[ 413] [ 414]
Josef Mattauch
November 21, 1895 Ostrava , Czechia
August 10, 1976 Klosterneuburg , Austria
1955, 1959
Nominated by Kl.Clusius only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 415]
Félix Trombe
March 19, 1906 Nogent-sur-Marne , France
March 26, 1985 Ganties , France
1955, 1961
[ 416]
Max Volmer
May 3, 1885 Hilden , Germany
June 3, 1965 Potsdam , Germany
1955, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1964, 1965
[ 417]
Fritz Feigl
May 15, 1891 Vienna , Austria
January 23, 1971 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
1955, 1957, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967
[ 418]
Martin Kamen
August 27, 1913 Toronto , Canada
August 31, 2002 Montecito, California , United States
1955, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 419]
John Clarke Slater
December 22, 1900 Oak Park, Illinois , United States
July 25, 1976 Sanibel Island, Florida , United States
1955, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 420]
1956
Severo Ochoa de Albornoz
September 24, 1905 Luarca , Spain
November 1, 1993 Madrid , Spain
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959
Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with A.Kornberg .[ 421]
Georges Lemaître
July 17, 1894 Charleroi , Belgium
June 20, 1966 Leuven , Belgium
1956
Nominated the only time by Don Merlin Lee Yost (1893–1977) from the California Institute of Technology and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too . Lemaître is the only priest nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [ 422]
Ernest Gale
July 15, 1914 Luton , England
March 7, 2005 Cambridge , England
1956
[ 423] Nominated jointly the only time by J.H.Northrop [ 424]
Joan P. Folkes
1927 Staffordshire , England
Boris Arbuzov
November 4, 1903 Pulawy , Poland
November 6, 1991 Kazan , Russia
1956
Nominated jointly with Al.Arbuzov the only time by M.M.Dubinin .[ 425]
Aleksandr Arbuzov
October 12, 1877 Kazan , Russia
January 22, 1968 Kazan , Russia
1956, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1968
[ 426]
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat
July 29, 1910 Wrocław , Poland
April 10, 1999 Oakland, California , United States
1956, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963
[ 427]
Jannik Bjerrum
April 5, 1909 Copenhagen , Denmark
August 29, 1992 Copenhagen , Denmark
1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967
[ 428]
Friedrich Emil Brauns
1890
1982
1956
Nominated jointly with K.Freudenberg and Er.Hägglund the only time by Joseph Risi (1899–1993) from Université Laval .[ 429]
Karl Freudenberg
January 29, 1886 Weinheim , Germany
April 3, 1983 Weinheim , Germany
1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 430]
1957
Oswald Avery
October 21, 1877 Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada
February 20, 1955 Nashville, Tennessee , United States
1957
Nominated posthumously and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too . "The role of DNA at pneumococcal type II to type III transition."[ 431] [ 432]
Colin Munro MacLeod
January 28, 1909 Port Hastings , Canada
February 11, 1972 London , England
1957
[ 433] Nominated jointly with Osw.Avery the only time by J.H.Northrop [ 434]
Maclyn McCarty
June 9, 1911 South Bend, Indiana , United States
January 2, 2005 New York City , United States
Marietta Blau
April 29, 1894 Vienna , Austria
January 27, 1970 Vienna , Austria
1957
Nominated the only time by Erw.Schrödinger and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 435]
Paul Henri Charpentier
November 11, 1866 Nancy, France
July 20, 1950 Aix-en-Provence , France
1957
Nominated posthumously the only time by G.Hugel from École nationale supérieure du pétrole et des combustibles liquides .[ 436]
Charles DuBois Coryell
February 21, 1912 Los Angeles , United States
January 7, 1971 Lexington, Massachusetts , United States
1957
Nominated the only time by M.Perey .[ 437]
Maurice-Marie Janot
November 3, 1903 Plombières-les-Bains , France
December 10, 1978 Paris , France
1957
Nominated the only time by G.Cauquil .[ 438]
Aleksandr Volodymyrovych Palladin
September 10, 1885 Moscow , Russia
December 6, 1972 Kiev , Ukraine
1957
Nominated the only time by Al.Oparin .[ 439]
Georg Stadnikov
January 17, 1880 Vyazovok , Ukraine
February 18, 1973 Russia
1957
Nominated the only time by W.Świętosławski .[ 440]
Eric Rideal
April 11, 1890 London , England
September 25, 1974 London, England
1957
Nominated the only time by R.Barrer .[ 441]
Bernard Leonard Horecker
October 31, 1914 Chicago , United States
October 10, 2010 Cypress Cove Lodge , United States
1957, 1961
[ 442]
Friedrich Hund
February 4, 1896 Karlsruhe , Germany
March 31, 1997 Karlsruhe , Germany
1957, 1969
Nominated jointly with Er.Hückel only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 443]
Erich Hückel
August 9, 1896 Berlin , Germany
February 16, 1980 Marburg , Germany
1957, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 444]
Carl Wagner
May 25, 1901 Leipzig , Germany
December 10, 1977 Göttingen , Germany
1957, 1958, 1959, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 445] [ 446] [ 447]
1958
Luis Federico Leloir
September 9, 1906 Paris , France
December 2, 1987 Buenos Aires , Argentina
1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
Won the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [ di] [ 448]
Gerhard Herzberg
December 25, 1904 Hamburg , Germany
March 3, 1999 Ottawa , Canada
1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970
Won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Chemistry .[ dj] [ 449]
Vladimir Prelog
July 23, 1906 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
January 7, 1998 Zürich , Switzerland
1958, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
Shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ dk] with John Warcup Cornforth Jr. [ 450]
Georg Wittig
June 16, 1897 Berlin , Germany
August 26, 1987 Heidelberg , Germany
1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with H.Ch.Brown [ dl] [ 451]
Maria Goeppert Mayer
June 28, 1906 Kattowitz , Germany
February 20, 1972 San Diego, California , Germany
1958
[ 452] Shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics [ 453]
Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen
June 25, 1907 Hamburg , Germany
February 11, 1973 Heidelberg , Germany
Bogdan Kamieński
March 14, 1897 Oswiecim , Poland
August 9, 1973 Kraków , Poland
1958
Nominated the only time by F.Polak .[ 454]
Max Mousseron
May 30, 1902 Sorgues , France
March 1, 1988 Montpellier , France
1958
Nominated the only time by Adrien Perret Gentil (1901–1962) from the University of Neuchâtel .[ 455]
Yoshiyuki Toyama
September 6, 1896 Tokyo , Japan
February 12, 1980 Tokyo, Japan
1958
Nominated the only time by I.Miyagawa from the Nagoya University .[ 456]
Yevgeny Zavoisky
September 28, 1907 Mohyliv-Podil's'kyi , Ukraine
October 9, 1976 Moscow , Russia
1958, 1960
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 457]
Jean Brachet
March 19, 1909 Etterbeek , Belgium
August 10, 1988 Braine-l'Alleud , Belgium
1958, 1966
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too . [ 458]
Herman Francis Mark
May 3, 1895 Vienna , Austria
April 6, 1992 Austin, Texas , United States
1958, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 459] [ 460]
Gerold Schwarzenbach
March 15, 1904 Horgen , Switzerland
May 20, 1978 Zürich , Switzerland
1958, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1970
[ 461]
1959
John Kendrew
March 24, 1917 Oxford , England
August 23, 1997 Cambridge , England
1959, 1961, 1962 , 1963
Shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with M.Perutz [ da] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too [ 462]
Arthur Kornberg
March 3, 1918 New York City , United States
October 26, 2007 Palo Alto , United States
1959
Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with S.Ochoa . [ 463]
Feodor Lynen
April 6, 1911 Munich , Germany
August 6, 1979 Munich , Germany
1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965
Shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with K.Bloch . [ 464]
David Ezra Green
August 5, 1910 New York City , United States
July 8, 1983 Madison, Wisconsin , United States
1959
Nominated jointly with F.Lynen the only time by Padubidri Subbaraya Sarma (1917–1970) from the University of Madras .[ 465]
Francis Owen Rice
May 20, 1890 Liverpool , England
March 15, 1989 Indiana , United States
1959
Nominated the only time by Charles Alexander McDowell (1918–2001) from the University of British Columbia .[ 466]
Günter Scheibe
November 24, 1893 Munich , Germany
May 31, 1980 Stuttgart , Germany
1959
Nominated the only time by Otto Neunhoeffer .[ 467]
Frederick Rossini
July 18, 1899 Monongahela, Pennsylvania , United States
October 12, 1990 Juno Beach, Florida , United States
1959
[ 468] Nominated jointly the only time by Edouard Jean-Pierre Calvet (1895–1966) from the Aix-Marseille University [ 469]
Jean Marcel Albert Chedin
August 29, 1908 Bourges , France
October 6, 1990 Paris , France
Bror Alexander Ludvig Holmberg
July 30, 1881 Blekinge , Sweden
September 7, 1966 Stockholm , Sweden
1959
Nominated jointly with W.Kuhn and H.Meerwein the only time by Karl Freudenberg .[ 470]
Egon Wiberg
June 3, 1901 Güstrow , Germany
November 24, 1976 Munich , Germany
1959, 1965
[ 471]
William Gardner Pfann
October 27, 1917 Brooklyn , United States
October 22, 1982 New York, United States
1959, 1960, 1965, 1966, 1968
[ 472]
Walter Hans Schottky
July 23, 1886 Zürich , Switzerland
March 4, 1976 Pretzfeld , Germany
1959, 1966, 1969
Nominated jointly with Carl Wagner only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 473]
Michael Polanyi
March 11, 1891 Budapest , Hungary
February 22, 1976 Northampton , England
1959, 1960, 1967, 1970[ dm]
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 474]
1960–1969
Picture
Name
Born
Died
Years Nominated
Notes
1960
Derek Barton
September 8, 1918 Gravesend , England
March 16, 1998 College Station, Texas , United States
1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969
[ 475] Shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ dn] [ 476]
Odd Hassel
May 17, 1897 Oslo , Norway
May 11, 1981 Oslo , Norway
1960, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969
Ilya Prigogine
January 25, 1917 Moscow , Russia
May 28, 2003 Brussels , Belgium
1960, 1966
Won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ do] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 477]
James Watson
April 6, 1928 Chicago , United States
1960, 1962[ dp]
[ 478] [ dq] Shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine [ 479] [ dr] [ 480] [ ds]
Francis Crick
June 8, 1916 Weston Favell , England
July 28, 2004 San Diego , United States
Maurice Wilkins
December 15, 1916 Pongaroa , New Zealand
October 5, 2004 London , England
Alfred Hershey
December 4, 1908 Owosso, Michigan , United States
May 22, 1997 Syosset, New York , United States
1960, 1969
Shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with M.Delbrück and S.Luria . [ 481]
Wilhelm Gerard Burgers
August 16, 1897 Arnhem , Netherlands
September 24, 1988 Amsterdam , Netherlands
1960
Nominated the only time by Ant.El. (Toos) Korvezee .[ 482]
Martin Deutsch
January 29, 1917 Vienna , Austria
August 16, 2002 Cambridge, Massachusetts , United States
1960
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 483]
Roger John Williams
August 14, 1893 Ooty , India
February 20, 1988 Austin, Texas , United States
1960
[ 484]
Andrew Benson
September 24, 1917 Modesto, California , United States
January 16, 2015 La Jolla , United States
1960
Only nominated with M.Calvin and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too . [ 485]
Howard Cary
May 3, 1908 Los Angeles , United States
December 20, 1991 Orange, California , United States
1960
[ 486] Nominated jointly the only time by Wouter (Wout) Berends (1914–1990) from the Delft University of Technology [ 487]
Arnold Orville Beckman
April 10, 1900 Cullom, Illinois , United States
May 18, 2004 La Jolla , United States
Jo Engl
August 6, 1893 Munich , Germany
April 8, 1942 New York City , United States
1960
[ 488] Nominated jointly (Engl&Massolle - posthumously) the only time by Albert Narath (1900–1974) from Technische Universität Berlin [ 489] [ 490]
Joseph Massolle
March 24, 1889 Bielefeld , Germany
April 2, 1957 Berlin , Germany
Hans Vogt
September 25, 1890 Rehau , Germany
December 4, 1979 Obernzell , Germany
Martha Cowles Chase
November 30, 1927 Cleveland, Ohio , United States
August 8, 2003 Lorain, Ohio , United States
1960
Nominated jointly with A.Hershey , A.Gierer , H.Fraenkel-Conrat and G.Schramm the only time by J.H.Northrop .[ 491]
Alfred Gierer
April 15, 1929 Berlin , Germany
1960, 1962
Nominated by J.H.Northrop only.[ 492]
John G. Aston
1903 United States
August 6, 1990 State College, Pennsylvania , United States[ 493]
1960, 1966
[ 494]
Gerhard Schramm
June 27, 1910 Kanagawa , Japan
February 3, 1969 Tübingen , Germany
1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968
[ 495]
Manfred Eigen
May 9, 1927 Bochum , Germany
February 6, 2019 Göttingen , Germany
1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967
[ 496] Shared the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with G.Porter [ dg] [ 497]
1961
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish
November 9, 1897 Cambridge , England
June 7, 1978 Cambridge, England
1961, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967
Konrad Emil Bloch
January 21, 1912 Nysa, Poland
October 15, 2000 Burlington, Massachusetts , United States
1961, 1962, 1963, 1964
Shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with F.Lynen . [ 498]
Torbjörn Caspersson
October 15, 1910 Motala , Sweden
December 7, 1997 Stockholm , Sweden
1961
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ dt] [ 499] [ 500]
Pierre Van Rysselberghe
May 18, 1905 Brussels , Belgium
1977 United States[ 501]
1961
Nominated the only time by Giuseppe Bianchi (1919–1996) from University of Milan .[ 502]
Efraim Racker
June 28, 1913 Nowy Sacz , Poland
September 9, 1991 Syracuse, New York , United States
1961
Nominated jointly with L.F.Leloir and B.L.Horecker the only time by F.M.Haurowitz .[ 503]
Robert Corey
August 19, 1897 Springfield (Massachusetts) , United States
April 23, 1971 Pasadena, California , United States
1961, 1962
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 504]
Bo Lars Gunnar Sillén
July 11, 1916 Stockholm , Sweden
July 23, 1970 Stockholm , Sweden
1961, 1964, 1965
[ 505]
Britton Chance
July 24, 1913 Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania , United States
November 16, 2010 Philadelphia , United States
1961, 1964, 1965, 1966
[ 506]
Georges Chaudron
April 29, 1891 Fontenay-sous-Bois , France
March 4, 1976 Paris , France
1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968
[ 507]
Daniel Israel Arnon
November 14, 1910 Warsaw , Poland
December 20, 1994 Berkeley, California , United States
1961, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 508]
Johannes Martin Bijvoet
January 23, 1982 Amsterdam , Netherlands
March 4, 1980 Winterswijk , Netherlands
1961, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 509]
Harry George Drickamer
November 19, 1918 Cleveland, Ohio , United States
May 6, 2002 Urbana, Illinois , United States
1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 510]
Leslie Orgel
January 12, 1927 London , England
October 27, 2007 San Diego , United States
1961, 1970
[ 511]
1962
Ernst Otto Fischer
November 10, 1918 Munich , Germany
July 23, 2007 Munich, Germany
1962, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
Shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with G.Wilkinson . [ du] [ 512]
Louis Néel
November 22, 1904 Lyon , France
November 17, 2000 Brive-la-Gaillarde , France
1962, 1964
Won the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics .[ 513]
Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov
December 14, 1891 Janow Lubelski , Poland
March 6, 1982 Moscow , Russia
1962
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 514]
Peter Pauson
July 30, 1925 Bamberg , Germany
December 10, 2013 Glasgow , Scotland
1962
[ 515]
Maurice Stacey
April 8, 1907 Shropshire , England
October 9, 1994 Birmingham , England
1962
Nominated the only time by John Colin Tatlow (1923–2008) from the University of Birmingham .[ 516]
Tadeusz Urbanski
October 26, 1901 Krasnodar , Russia
May 29, 1985 Warsaw , Poland
1962
Nominated the only time by F.Polak .[ 517]
Karl-Wolfgang Mundry
March 16, 1927 Hildesheim , Germany
May 6, 2009 Stuttgart , Germany
1962
Nominated jointly with A.Gierer the only time by J.H.Northrop .[ 518]
Clemens Josef Schöpf
August 12, 1899 Gersfeld , Germany
December 17, 1970 Darmstadt , Germany
1962
[ 519]
Alexander Pavlovich Vinogradov
August 21, 1895 Tutayev , Russia
November 16, 1975 Moscow , Russia
1962, 1964, 1965
[ 520]
Carl Djerassi
October 29, 1923 Vienna , Austria
January 30, 2015 San Francisco , United States
1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 521]
Louis Plack Hammett
April 7, 1894 Wilmington, Delaware , United States
February 9, 1987 Medford, New Jersey , United States
1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 522]
Sanʼichirō Mizushima
March 21, 1899 Tokyo , Japan
August 3, 1983 Tokyo , Japan
1962, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1970
[ 523]
1963
Herbert Charles Brown
May 22, 1912 London , England
December 19, 2004 Lafayette, Indiana , United States
1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969
Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with G.Wittig . [ dl] [ 524]
Har Gobind Khorana
January 9, 1922 Raipur , Pakistan
November 9, 2011 Concord, Massachusetts , United States
1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968
Shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with M.W.Nirenberg and R.W.Holley . [ 525]
Wilhelm Ludwig August Geilmann
May 16, 1891 Unterrieden , Germany
May 24, 1967 Mainz , Germany
1963
Nominated the only time by Fr.Strassmann .[ 526]
Dionýz Ilkovič
January 18, 1907 Šarišský Štiavnik , Slovakia
August 3, 1980 Bratislava , Slovakia
1963
Nominated the only time by Pandarinath Bhuvanendra Janardhan (b.1921) from the University of Madras .[ 527]
Noel Bryan Slater
July 29, 1912 Blackburn , England
January 31, 1973 London , England
1963
Nominated the only time by René Gibert (1908–1968) from École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques .[ 528]
Gunnar Blix
September 7, 1894 Lund , Sweden
June 10, 1981 Uppsala , Sweden
1963
[ 529] Nominated jointly the only time by Serge David (1921–2013) from École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques [ 530]
Ernst Klenk
October 14, 1896 Pfalzgrafenweiler , Germany
December 29, 1971 Cologne , Germany
Stanley Bruckenstein[ 531]
November 1, 1927 New York City , United States
1963
Nominated jointly with Iz.Kolthoff the only time by J.Koskikallio .[ 532]
James Baddiley
May 15, 1918 Manchester , England
November 17, 2008 Cambridge , England
1963, 1968
[ 533] [ 534]
John Monteath Robertson
July 24, 1900 Auchterarder , Scotland
September 27, 1989 Inverness , Scotland
1963, 1969
[ 535]
Edgar Bright Wilson Jr.
December 18, 1908 Gallatin, Tennessee , United States
June 12, 1992 Cambridge, Massachusetts , United States
1963, 1969
Nominated jointly with G.Herzberg only.[ 536]
Fritz Arndt
July 6, 1885 Hamburg , Germany
December 8, 1969 Hamburg , Germany
1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969
Nominated by K.Freudenberg only.[ 537]
Alberte Bucher Pullman
August 26, 1920 Nantes , France
January 7, 2011 Paris , France
1963, 1965, 1968, 1969
[ 538] Only nominated jointly[ 539]
Bernard Pullman
March 19, 1919 Wloclawek , Poland
June 9, 1996 Paris , France
Neil Bartlett
September 15, 1932 Newcastle upon Tyne , England
August 5, 2008 Walnut Creek, California , United States
1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 540]
Alfred Valentin Champagnat
November 2, 1908 Marseille , France
December 13, 1984 Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine , France
1963, 1966, 1970
[ 541]
Saul Winstein
October 8, 1912 Montreal , Canada
November 23, 1969 Los Angeles , United States
1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 542]
1964
Edmund Hirst
July 21, 1898 Lancashire , England
October 29, 1975 Edinburgh , Scotland
1934 ,[ b] 1964
[ 543]
Charles Coulson
December 13, 1910 Dudley , England
January 7, 1974 Oxford , England
1964
Nominated the only time by H.Erlenmeyer .[ 544]
Gopalasamudram Narayana Ramachandran
October 8, 1922 Ernakulam , India
April 7, 2001 Chennai , India
1964
Nominated the only time by C. V. Raman .[ 545]
Émile-Florent Terroine
January 21, 1882 Paris , France
October 24, 1974 Paris , France
1964
Nominated the only time by Paul V. Creach from the University of Bordeaux .[ 546]
Paul Zamecnik
November 22, 1912 Cleveland, Ohio , United States
October 27, 2009 Boston , United States
1964
Nominated the only time by V.Koningsberger .[ 547]
Kazuo Yamafuji (山藤 一雄 ヤマフジ カズオ)
1906
1987
1964
[ 548]
Arthur Holmes
January 14, 1890 Hebburn , England
September 20, 1965 London , England
1964, 1965
Nominated jointly with Al.P.Vinogradov by N.N.Semenov only.[ 549]
John Gunnar Malm
June 24, 1921 Chicago , United States
May 11, 1999 Naperville, Illinois , United States[ 550]
1964, 1965, 1966
[ 551] Only nominated jointly[ 552] [ 553] [ 554] [ 555]
Howard H. Claassen
1918 Hillsboro, Kansas , United States
December 27, 2010 Tacoma, Washington , United States[ 556]
Henry H. Selig
1927 Frankfurt, Germany
October 21, 2014 [ 557]
Alexander Oparin
March 2, 1894 Uglich , Russia
April 21, 1980 Moscow , Russia
1964, 1969
Nominated by Ern.Kahane only.[ 558]
Georg-Maria Schwab
February 3, 1899 Berlin , Germany
December 23, 1984 Munich , Germany
1964, 1969
[ 559]
Efraim Katchalski-Katzir
May 16, 1916 Kiev , Ukraine
May 30, 2009 Rehovot , Israel
1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
4th President of the Israel (1973 – 1978).[ 560]
Bernd Theodor Matthias
June 8, 1918 Frankfurt , Germany
October 27, 1980 La Jolla , United States
1964, 1966, 1970
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 561]
František Šorm
February 28, 1913 Prague , Czechia
November 18, 1980 Prague , Czechia
1964, 1967, 1970
[ 562] [ 563]
1965
John Warcup Cornforth Jr.
September 7, 1917 Sydney , Australia
December 8, 2013 Sussex , England
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
Shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ dv] with Vl.Prelog [ 564]
Jacques Monod
February 9, 1910 Paris , France
May 31, 1976 Cannes , France
1965
[ 565] Shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with A.Lwoff [ 566]
J Jacob
June 17, 1920 Nancy, France
April 19, 2013 Paris , France
Paul Doughty Bartlett
August 14, 1907 Ann Arbor , United States
October 11, 1997 Lexington, Massachusetts , United States
1965
Nominated the only time by Ch.C.Price, III .[ 567]
Salomon S. Cohen (prob. Seymour Stanley Cohen )
April 30, 1917 Brooklyn , USA
December 30, 2018
1965
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too . [ 568]
Oganes K. Davtyan
April 15, 1911 Akhuryan , Armenia[ 569]
December 28, 1990 Yerevan , Armenia
1965
Nominated the only time by W.Tomassi .[ 570]
Ulick Richardson Evans
March 31, 1889 London , England
April 3, 1980 Cambridge , England
1965
Nominated the only time by Karl Gustaf (Gösta) Wranglén (b.1923) from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology .[ 571]
Stanley George Mason
March 20, 1914 Montreal , Canada
April 21, 1987 Quebec , Canada
1965
Nominated the only time by Bruce Lionel Funt (1924–2013) from the University of Manitoba .[ 572]
Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
March 7, 1886 London , England
June 27, 1975 Cambridge , England
1965
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 573]
Henrik Gunnar Lundegårdh
October 23, 1888 Stockholm , Sweden
November 19, 1969 Norrtälje , Sweden
1965
Nominated jointly with D.I.Arnon the only time by M.G.Stålfelt .[ 574]
Leonard (Len) E. Mortenson
1928 Melrose, Massachusetts , United States
October 30, 2017 Willow Street, Pennsylvania , United States[ 575]
1965
[ 576] Nominated jointly[ 577] the only time by C.Martius from ETH Zurich [ 578] [ 579]
Raymond Carlyle Valentine
September 20, 1936 Piatt County, Illinois , United States
James Elliot Carnahan
January 26, 1920 Outagamie County, Wisconsin , United States
March 25, 1996 Stanton, Delaware , United States[ 580]
Erwin Chargaff
August 11, 1905 Chernivtsi , now Ukraine
June 20, 2002 New York City , United States
1965, 1967
Nominated by Warren Myron Sperry (1900–1990) from the New York State Psychiatric Institute only.[ 581]
Jean Roche
January 14, 1901 Sorgues , France
May 24, 1992 Montpellier , France
1965, 1966, 1967
Nominated by C.Heymans only.[ 582]
Ivan Stranski
January 2, 1897 Sofia , Bulgaria
June 19, 1979 Sofia , Bulgaria
1965, 1967
Nominated by G.-M.Schwab only.[ 583]
André Guinier
August 1, 1911 Nancy, France
July 3, 2000 Paris , France
1965
Nominated the only time by Otto Kratky .[ 584]
Otto Kratky
March 9, 1902 Vienna , Austria
February 11, 1995 Graz , Austria
1965, 1967, 1968, 1969
[ 585]
Alan Walsh
December 19, 1916 Hoddlesden , England
August 3, 1998 Melbourne , Australia
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969
[ 586]
Albert Eschenmoser
August 5, 1925 Erstfeld , Switzerland
July 14, 2023
1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 587]
Charles Prévost
March 20, 1899 Champlitte , France
July 11, 1983 Paris , France
1965, 1966, 1969, 1970
[ 588]
Rudolf Hoppe
October 29, 1922 Wittenberge , Germany
November 24, 2014 Giessen , Germany
1965, 1967, 1970
Nominated jointly with N.Bartlett only.[ 589]
George Joseph Popják
May 5, 1914 Kiskundorozsma , Hungary
December 30, 1998 Westwood, Los Angeles , United States
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
Nominated jointly with J.W.Cornforth Jr. only.[ 590]
Rudolf Criegee
May 23, 1902 Düsseldorf , Germany
November 7, 1975 Karlsruhe , Germany
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
[ 591]
Alfred Rieche
April 28, 1902 Dortmund , Germany
November 6, 2001 Berlin , Germany
Nominated jointly with G.Wittig and Rudolf Criegee by K.Freudenberg only.[ 592]
Marshall Warren Nirenberg
April 10, 1927 New York City , United States
January 15, 2010 New York City , United States
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968
[ 593] Shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H.G.Khorana [ 594]
1966
Robert William Holley
January 28, 1922 Urbana, Illinois , United States
February 11, 1993 Los Gatos, California , United States
1966, 1967, 1968
Stanford Moore
September 4, 1913 Chicago , United States
August 23, 1982 New York City , United States
1966, 1970
[ 595] Shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ dw] with Christian Boehmer Anfinsen Jr. and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ 596]
William Howard Stein
June 25, 1911 New York City , United States
February 2, 1980 New York City , United States
Richard Barrer
June 16, 1910 Wellington , New Zealand
September 12, 1996 Chislehurst , England
1966
Nominated the only time by F.Polak .[ 597]
Bernard Halpern
November 2, 1904 Tarnoruda , now Ukraine
September 23, 1978 Paris , France
1966
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [ dx] [ 598] [ 599]
Kurt Bruno Hannig [ 600]
May 26, 1920 Liberec , Czechia
January 20, 1993
1966
Nominated the only time by R.L.M.Synge .[ 601]
James Franklin Hyde
March 11, 1903 Solvay, New York , United States
October 11, 1999 Marco Island, Florida , United States
1966
Nominated the only time by E.G.Rochow .[ 602]
Arthur Lüttringhaus
July 6, 1906 Cologne , Germany
May 27, 1992 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
1966
Nominated the only time by P.Ad.Thiessen .[ 603]
Edwin Theodore Mertz
December 6, 1909 Missoula, Montana , United States
February 1, 1999 Richardson, Texas , United States
1966
Nominated the only time by Gerard R. Pomerat (1901–1980) from the Rockefeller Foundation .[ 604]
Laurens Lambertus Marie van Deenen
August 14, 1928 Maastricht , Netherlands
September 4, 1994 Bilthoven , Netherlands
1966[ dy]
[ 605] [ dz] Nominated jointly the only time by Leonard Saunders from UCL School of Pharmacy [ 606] [ ea]
G. Horrëus de Haas[ 607]
September 20, 1931 The Hague , Netherlands
November 26, 2006 Utrecht , Netherlands
Charles Louis Marie Claude Vernet
January 12, 1924 Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne , France
March 31, 2015 Avignon , France
1966
[ 608] Nominated jointly[ 609] with Alfred V. Champagnat the only time by R.Schultze [ 610] [ 611]
Bernard Maurice Lainé
April 4, 1933 Paris , France
January 13, 2013 Paris , France
Jean Antoine Filosa
May 29, 1930 Marseille , France
September 16, 2022 La Canourgue , France
Thiruvengadam Rajendram Seshadri
February 3, 1900 Kulithalai , India
September 27, 1975 New Delhi , India
1966, 1968
[ 612]
Kenneth Pitzer
January 6, 1914 Pomona, California , United States
December 26, 1997 Berkeley, California , United States
1966, 1967, 1968, 1969
[ 613]
Robert Schwyzer
December 8, 1920 Zürich , Switzerland
September 29, 2015 Bülach , Switzerland
1966, 1969, 1970
Nominated by P.Karrer only.[ 614]
Sol Spiegelman
December 14, 1914 Brooklyn , United States
January 20, 1983 New York City , United States
1966, 1970
[ 615]
1967
Geoffrey Wilkinson
July 14, 1921 Todmorden , West Riding of Yorkshire , England
September 26, 1996London , England
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
Shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Ern.Ot.Fischer [ du] .[ 616]
Robert Bruce Merrifield
July 15, 1921Fort Worth , Texas , United States
May 14, 2006Cresskill, New Jersey , United States
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
Won the 1984 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ eb] [ 617]
George Wald
November 18, 1906New York City , United States
April 12, 1997Cambridge, Massachusetts , United States
1967
Shared the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with R.Arth.Granit and H.K.Hartline . [ 618]
Manuel Ballester Boix
June 27, 1919Barcelona , Catalonia, Spain
April 5, 2005
1967
Nominated the only time by Ángel Vian Ortuño .[ 619]
Jean Lecomte
August 5, 1898
March 28, 1979
1967
Nominated the only time by Clément Raymond François Courty (b.1902) from the University of Lyon .[ 620]
Max Rudolf "Rudi" Lemberg
October 19, 1896Breslau , now Poland
April 10, 1975Wahroonga, New South Wales , Australia
1967
Nominated the only time by Benoit Wurtz from the University of Strasbourg .[ 621]
James Joseph Lingane[ 622]
September 13, 1909Saint Paul, Minnesota , United States
March 14, 1994Lexington, Massachusetts , United States
1967
Nominated the only time by P.B.Janardhan from the University of Madras .[ 623]
Richard Alan Morton[ 624]
September 22, 1899Liverpool , England
January 21, 1977 Liverpool, England
1967
Nominated the only time by W.Ch.Evans .[ 625]
Giorgio Piccardi
October 13, 1895Florence , Italy
December 22, 1972Riccione , Italy
1967
Nominated the only time by D.Marotta .[ 626]
Hans Eduard Schmid
March 24, 1917Gränichen , Switzerland
December 19, 1976Schwerzenbach , Switzerland
1967
Nominated the only time by Em.Cherbuliez .[ 627]
Frank Harold Spedding
October 22, 1902Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
December 15, 1984Ames, Iowa , United States
1967
[ 628]
Ahmed Riad (Reyad) Tourky[ 629]
March 16, 1902Tanta , Egypt
January 17, 1971Cairo , Egypt
1967
Nominated the only time by Abdel Aziz Ali Mousa (1915–1979) from the University of Cairo .[ 630]
Ellison Hall Taylor[ 631]
September 6, 1913Kalamazoo, Michigan , United States
May 31, 2008Oak Ridge, Tennessee , United States
1967
[ 632] Nominated jointly the only time by E.Wigner [ 633]
Sheldon Datz
July 21, 1927New York City , United States
August 15, 2001Oak Ridge, Tennessee , United States
Mary Belle Allen
November 11, 1922Morristown, New Jersey
1973Fairbanks, Alaska
1967
[ 634] Nominated jointly with D.I.Arnon the only time by J.H.Northrop [ 635]
Frederick Robert Whatley
January 26, 1924Wilton, Wiltshire , England
November 14, 2020
Stephen Brunauer
February 12, 1903Budapest , Hungary
July 6, 1986Potsdam, New York , United States
1967
[ 636] Nominated jointly with Edward Teller the only time by R.I.Razouk from the Ain Shams University , Cairo, Egypt[ 637]
Paul Hugh Emmett
September 22, 1900Portland, Oregon , United States
April 22, 1985 Portland, Oregon, United States
Edward Teller
January 15, 1908Budapest , Hungary
September 9, 2003Stanford, California , United States
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 638]
Esmond Emerson Snell
September 22, 1914Salt Lake City, Utah , United States
December 9, 2003Boulder, Colorado , United States
1967, 1969
Nominated jointly with Al.E.Braunstein only.[ 639]
Frank Albert Cotton
April 9, 1930Philadelphia, PA , United States
February 20, 2007College Station, TX , United States
1967, 1970
[ 640]
1968
Donald James Cram
April 22, 1919Chester, Vermont , United States
June 17, 2001Palm Desert, California , United States
1968, 1969
Shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with J.-M.Lehn and Ch.J.Pedersen [ ec] [ 641]
George Andrew Olah
May 22, 1927Budapest , Hungary
March 8, 2017Beverly Hills, California , United States
1968, 1969
Won the 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ ed] [ 642]
Erika Cremer
May 20, 1900 Munich , Germany
September 21, 1996 Innsbruck , Austria
1968
Nominated the only time by Fr.X.M.Th.Patat .[ 643]
Kenneth George Denbigh
May 30, 1911 Luton , England
January 23, 2004 London , England
1968
Nominated the only time by Joseph (Jean?) Cathala (1892–1969) from the l’École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en génie chimique , Toulouse.[ 644]
Joseph Oakland Hirschfelder
May 27, 1911 Baltimore, Maryland , United States
March 30, 1990 Madison, Wisconsin , United States
1968
Nominated the only time by Arthur Neville Hambly (1909–1996) from the Australian National University , Canberra.[ 645]
Eugene Patrick Kennedy
September 4, 1919 United States
September 22, 2011 Cambridge, Massachusetts , United States
1968
Nominated the only time by Samuel B. Weiss (b.1925) from the University of Chicago .[ 646]
Kozyrev, Boris Mikhaylovich
May 4, 1905Ashgabat , Turkmenistan
October 21, 1979Kazan , Russia
1968
Nominated the only time by M.Dole .[ 647]
Alfred O. C. Nier
May 28, 1911 St. Paul, Minnesota , United States
May 16, 1994 Hennepin County Medical Center , United States
1968
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 648] [ 649]
Eiji Ochiai[ 650]
June 26, 1898Chiba , Japan
November 4, 1974
1968
Nominated the only time by Shuzo Shibata (b.1924) from the Shizuoka University .[ 651]
Eugene George Rochow
October 4, 1909Newark, New Jersey , United States
March 21, 2002Fort Myers, Florida , United States
1968
Nominated the only time by H.Schäfer .[ 652]
Einar August Stenhagen
April 6, 1911Söderala , Sweden
December 14, 1973Mölndal , Sweden
1968
Nominated the only time by Jean Asselineau (1921–2013) from the University of Toulouse .[ 653]
Hans Tuppy
July 22, 1924Vienna , Austria
April 24, 2024
1968
Nominated the only time by F.K.L.Machatschki .[ 654]
Anthony Leonid Turkevich
July 23, 1916Manhattan , New York, United States
September 7, 2002Lexington, Virginia , United States
1968
[ 655]
David Warren Turner
July 16, 1927Leigh-on-Sea , England
1968[ ee]
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too [ 656] [ ef]
Otto Hermann Eduard Westphal
February 1, 1913Berlin , Germany
September 14, 2004Montreux , Switzerland
1968
Nominated jointly with M.Heidelberger the only time by H.Alb.C.Albers .[ 657]
Aharon Katzir -Katchalsky
September 15, 1914Łódź , Poland
May 30, 1972Ben Gurion International Airport , Israel
1968
Nominated jointly with Efr.Katchalski the only time by L.Lorand .[ 658]
Brian Edward Cross[ 659]
October 9, 1923
1968
[ 660] Nominated jointly[ 661] the only time by Kozo Hirota from the Osaka University [ 662] [ 663]
Yusuke Sumiki[ 664]
February 10, 1901
September 11, 1974
Teijirō Yabuta
December 16, 1888Ōtsu , Japan
July 20, 1977Tokyo , Japan
Bernard Lewis
1899London , England
May 23, 1993 Pittsburgh , United States
1968
[ 665] Nominated jointly with Al.Frumkin the only time by N.N.Semyonov [ 666]
Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich
March 8, 1914Minsk , Belarus
December 2, 1987Moscow , Russia
Léon Velluz [ 667]
July 31, 1904Bourg-en-Bresse , France
May 28, 1981Paris , France
1968
[ 668] Nominated jointly[ 669] the only time by P.Bédos from the University of Toulouse [ 670] [ 671]
Maurice Legrand
Marc Grosjean
Klaus Biemann
November 2, 1926Innsbruck , Austria
June 2, 2016Brunswick, Maine , United States
1968, 1969, 1970
[ 672]
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
December 22, 1900 Utrecht , Netherlands
March 17, 1977 Pasadena, California , United States
1968, 1970
[ 673]
Henri Normant[ 674]
June 25, 1907Plozévet , France
December 5, 1997Paris , France
1968, 1969, 1970
[ 675]
Ivo Zvara
June 11, 1934 Veliny , Czechia
December 27, 2021
1968
Nominated jointly with G.N.Flerov the only time by Russian academician A.W.Nikolajev .[ 676]
Georgy Nikolayevich Flerov
March 2, 1913 Rostov-on-Don , Russia
November 19, 1990 Moscow , Russia
1968, 1969
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 677]
1969
Konstantin Antonovich Petrzhak (Pietrzak)
September 4, 1907Łuków , now Poland
October 10, 1998Saint Petersburg , Russia
1969
Nominated jointly with G.N.Flerov the only time by I.V.Petrjanov-Sokolov .[ 678]
Roald Hoffmann (born Roald Safran)
July 18, 1937Złoczów , now Ukraine
1969[ eg]
Shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with K.Fukui [ eh] [ 679] [ ei]
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn
April 20, 1918Lund , Sweden
July 20, 2007Ängelholm , Sweden
1969, 1970
Won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics .[ 680]
Horace Albert "Nook" Barker
November 29, 1907Oakland, California , United States
December 24, 2000Berkeley, California , United States
1969
Nominated the only time by Isr.R.Lehman .[ 681]
Francis Pettit Bundy
September 1, 1910Columbus, Ohio , United States
February 23, 2008Lebanon, Ohio , United States
1969
Nominated the only time by Alfr.R.J.P.Ubbelohde .[ 682]
Raymond Jean Calas[ 683]
April 8, 1914Montpellier , France
September 28, 1996
1969
Nominated the only time by G.Cauquil .[ 684]
Harry Julius Emeléus
June 22, 1903Poplar, London , England
December 2, 1993Cambridge , England
1969
Nominated the only time by L.Kolditz .[ 685]
Theodor Förster
May 15, 1910Frankfurt am Main , Germany
May 20, 1974Stuttgart , Germany
1969
Nominated the only time by G.Porter .[ 686]
Rolf Huisgen
June 13, 1920Gerolstein , Germany
March 26, 2020Munich , Germany
1969
Nominated the only time by E.Lippert .[ 687]
Charles Lambert Marie Joseph Manneback
March 9, 1894Etterbeek , Belgium
December 15, 1975 Etterbeek, Belgium
1969
Nominated the only time by J.De Clerck .[ 688]
David Nachmansohn
March 17, 1899Ekaterinoslav , now Ukraine
November 2, 1983New York City , United States
1969
Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too .[ 689]
Roberto Piontelli[ 690]
May 11, 1909Lodi, Lombardy , Italy
October 15, 1971Milan , Italy
1969
[ 691]
Eugene Rabinowitch
April 27, 1901Saint Petersburg , Russia
May 15, 1973Washington, D.C. , United States
1969
Nominated the only time by Jan Bartholomeus Thomas (1907–1991) from the Utrecht University .[ 692]
Petr Aleksandrovich Rebinder
October 3, 1898Saint Petersburg , Russia
July 12, 1972Moscow , Russia
1969
Nominated the only time by László Erdey (1910–1970) from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences .[ 693]
Horst Tobias Witt
March 1, 1922Bremen , Germany
May 14, 2007Berlin , Germany
1969
Nominated the only time by A.Henglein .[ 694]
Melville Lawrence Wolfrom
April 2, 1900Bellevue, Ohio , United States
June 20, 1969Columbus, Ohio , United States
1969
Nominated the only time by Alex (Elion) Rosenthal (1914–2012) from the University of British Columbia .[ 695]
Helmut Zahn
June 13, 1916Erlangen , Germany
November 14, 2004Aachen , Germany
1969
Nominated the only time by Otto Kratky .[ 696]
László Zechmeister
May 14, 1889Győr , Hungary
February 28, 1972Pasadena, California , United States
1969
Nominated the only time by Zoltan Csürös (1901–1979) from the Technical University of Budapest .[ 697]
Jacques Bénard
December 12, 1912Blois , France
October 4, 1987Bourg-la-Reine , France
1969
[ 698] Jointly nominated the only time by Michel Destriau (1928–2010) from the University of Bordeaux [ 699]
Adolphe (Emile Philippe) Van Tiggelen
December 2, 1914Molenbeek-Saint-Jean , Belgium
November 2, 1969Leuven , Belgium
John Machlin Buchanan
September 29, 1917Winamac, Indiana , United States
June 25, 2007Burlington, Massachusetts , United States
1969
Nominated jointly with L.F.Leloir the only time by A.B.Pardee .[ 700]
Egon Peter Gustav Stahl
October 18, 1924Eberbach (Baden) , Germany
September 5, 1986 Eberbach (Baden), Germany
1969
Nominated jointly with Otto Kratky the only time by E.Schauenstein .[ 701]
Franz Sondheimer
May 17, 1926Stuttgart , Germany
February 11, 1981Stanford University , United States
1969
Nominated jointly with G.Wittig the only time by Al.Schönberg .[ 702]
Marc Julia
October 23, 1922Paris , France
June 29, 2010 Paris, France
1969
Nominated jointly with H.C.Brown and C.Djerassi the only time by Gérard Etienne Louis Lamaty (1930–2012) from the University of Montpellier .[ 703]
Costin D. Neniţescu
July 15, 1902Bucharest , Romania
July 28, 1970Bușteni , Romania
1969
[ 704] Nominated jointly with R.Criegee the only time by P.D.Bartlett [ 705]
Rowland Pettit
February 6, 1927Port Lincoln , Australia
December 10, 1981Austin, Texas , United States
Friedrich Wilhelm Jost
June 15, 1903Friedberg, Hesse , Germany
September 23, 1988Göttingen , Germany
1969
Nominated jointly with W.H.Schottky and C.W.Wagner the only time by H.Witte .[ 706]
Albert Kirrmann
June 28, 1900Strasbourg , France
March 10, 1974
1969
Nominated jointly with Chr.K.Ingold , L.Pl.Hammett and Ch.Prévost the only time by Alb.Bruylants .[ 707]
Harden M. McConnell
July 18, 1927Richmond, Virginia , United States
October 8, 2014
1969, 1970
[ 708]
Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov
September 9, 1899Moscow , Russia
January 17, 1980 Moscow, Russia
1969, 1970
[ 709]
Gilbert Stork
December 31, 1921Brussels , Belgium
October 21, 2017 United States
1969, 1970
[ 710]
Pehr Victor Edman
April 14, 1916Stockholm , Sweden
March 19, 1977Munich , Germany
1969, 1970
Nominated jointly with R.Br.Merrifield and J.Porath by T.Cl.Laurent only.[ 711]
Jerker Porath
October 23, 1921Sala, Sweden
January 21, 2016Lund , Sweden
[ 712]
1970–1973
Nominees are published 50 years later so 1973 nominees should be published in 2024.
Picture
Name
Born
Died
Years Nominated
Notes
1970
Jerome Karle
June 18, 1918New York City , United States
June 6, 2013Annandale, Virginia , United States
1970
Shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with H.A.Hauptman [ ej] .[ 713]
John Charles Polanyi
January 23, 1929Berlin , Germany
1970[ dm]
Shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Dudley Robert Herschbach and Yu.T.Lee [ ek] .[ 714] [ el]
Elias James Corey
July 12, 1928Methuen, Massachusetts , United States
1970[ em]
Won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [ en] [ 715] [ eo]
Karl Sune Detlof Bergström
January 10, 1916Stockholm , Sweden
August 15, 2004 Stockholm, Sweden
1970
Shared the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with B.I.Samuelsson and J.R.Vane .[ 716]
Walter Houser Brattain
February 10, 1902 Xiamen , China
October 13, 1987 Seattle, Washington , USA
1970
Shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics with J.Bardeen and William Shockley .[ 717]
Bernhardt Patrick John O’Mara Bockris
January 5, 1923 Johannesburg , South Africa
July 7, 2013 Gainesville, Florida , United States
[ 718] Jointly nominated with W.H.Brattain the only time by T.M.Salem from the Alexandria University [ 719]
Herbert Spencer Harned[ 720]
December 2, 1888 Camden, New Jersey , United States
July 29, 1969
J. D. Bernal
May 10, 1901 Nenagh , Ireland
September 15, 1971 London , England
1970
Nominated the only time by Harry Francis West Taylor (1923–2002) from the University of Aberdeen and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too .[ 721]
Gaston Charlot
June 11, 1904 Heuilley-sur-Saône , France
April 17, 1994 Paris , France
1970
Nominated the only time by Gabriel Antoine Tridot (1924–1993), Director of École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille .[ 722]
Michel Marcel Delhaye
March 10, 1929 Fresnes-sur-Escaut , France
February 12, 2014 Lille , France
1970
Nominated the only time by Joseph M. Heubel (b. 1920) from the Lille University of Science and Technology .[ 723]
Boris Vladimirovich Derjagin
August 9, 1902 Moscow , Russia
May 16, 1994 Moscow, Russia
1970
Nominated the only time by Yoshitake Sasaki .[ 724]
Nikolay Markovich Emanuel
October 1, 1915 Fresnes-sur-Escaut , France
December 7, 1984 Lille , France
1970
Nominated the only time by N.N.Semyonov .[ 725]
Matthew Stanley Meselson
May 24, 1930Denver , Colorado , United States
1970[ ep]
Nominated the only time by R.Thomas [ 726] [ eq]
George Scatchard[ 727]
March 19, 1892 Oneonta, New York , United States
December 10, 1973Cambridge, Massachusetts , United States
1970
Nominated the only time by Ch.Tanford .[ 728]
Hermann Theodor Felix Wieland
June 5, 1913Munich , Germany
November 24, 1995Heidelberg , Germany
1970
Nominated the only time by S.Siddiqui .[ 729]
David 'Davy' Adriaan van Dorp
April 27, 1915Amsterdam , Netherlands
February 19, 1995Vlaardingen , Netherlands
1970
Nominated Jointly with S.Bergström the only time by E.Klenk .[ 730]
David Mervyn Blow
June 27, 1931 Birmingham , England
June 8, 2004 Appledore, Torridge , England
1970
[ 731] Jointly nominated the only time by Jui Hsin Wang (1921–2016) from the Yale University [ 732]
David Chilton Phillips
March 7, 1924 Ellesmere, Shropshire , England
February 23, 1999 London , England
Walter Hückel
February 18, 1895Charlottenburg , Germany
January 4, 1973Tübingen , Germany
1970
Nominated Jointly with Vl.Prelog the only time by Hassan S. El Khadem (1923–2012) from the Michigan Technological University .[ 733]
Christian Klixbüll-Jørgensen[ 734]
April 18, 1931Aalborg , Denmark
January 9, 2001 near Paris , France
1970
[ 735]
John Wilson ("Jack") Boag
June 20, 1911 Elgin, Moray , Scotland
January 2, 2007
1970
[ 736] Jointly nominated the only time by R.Braams .[ 737] [ 738]
Edwin James ("Ed") Hart[ 739]
February 7, 1910Port Angeles, Washington , United States
March 25, 1995Port Angeles, Washington , United States
Robert LeRoy Platzman[ 740]
August 23, 1918 Minneapolis , United States
July 2, 1973 Chicago , United States
Joseph Chatt
November 6, 1914 Horden , England
May 19, 1994 Hove , England
1970
Jointly nominated with E.O.Fischer and Fr.Alb.Cotton the only time by Michael Cais (b.1924) from the Technion .[ 741]
Stig Melker Claesson
February 5, 1917 Kumla , Sweden
July 31, 1988 Helsingborg , Sweden
1970
[ 742] Jointly nominated (Terenin - posthumously) the only time by N.M.Emanuel .[ 743] [ 744]
George Simms Hammond
May 22, 1921 Auburn, Maine , United States
October 5, 2005 Portland, Oregon , United States
Aleksandr Nikolaevich Terenin
May 6, 1896 Kaluga , Russia
January 18, 1967 Moscow , Russia
Charles Gilbert Overberger
October 12, 1920 Barnesboro, Pennsylvania , United States
March 17, 1997 Ann Arbor , United States
1970
Jointly nominated with K.J.Freudenberg and Al.N.Nesmeyanov the only time by Cr.I.Simionescu .[ 745]
Henry Montague (Monty) Frey
February 27, 1929 London , England
1970
[ 746] Jointly nominated the only time by Youssef Iskander from the Alexandria University .[ 747] [ 748]
Jack Sylvester Hine
July 2, 1923 Coronado, California , United States
July 6, 1988 Columbus, Ohio , United States
Wolfgang Kirmse
June 26, 1930 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Tetsuo Nozoe
May 16, 1902 Sendai , Japan
April 4, 1996 Tokyo , Japan
1970, 1974[ 749] [ er]
[ 750]
1971
Nominees are typically published 50 years later (2022), however 1971 nominees are unpublished as of 2024. [ 751]
1972
Nominees are typically published 50 years later (2023), however 1972 nominees are unpublished as of 2024. [ 752]
1973
Nominees are typically published 50 years later (2024), however 1972 nominees are unpublished as of 2024. [ 753]
See also
Motivations and remarks
^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions”
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz Nominations were declared invalid by the Nobel Committee - The Nobel Population 1901-1937: A Census of the Nominators and Nominees for the Prizes in Physics and Chemistry Elisabeth T. Crawford, J. L. Heilbron, Rebecca Ullrich (Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California, 1987)
^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses”
^ "Work on the synthesis of amino acids"
^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation”
^ “in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him”
^ “in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system”
^ “in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds”
^ “in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements”
^ "Work on organic arsenic compounds and their therapeutic effect on tuberculosis, malaria and syphilis."
^ “in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction”
^ “for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation”
^ Discovery of Zymase (fermentation can be induced by an enzyme, even in yeast cells which have been destroyed)
^ “in recognition of his work in thermochemistry”
^ “for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry”
^ “for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years”
^ “for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances”
^ “in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds”
^ “in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry”
^ “for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll”
^ “for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes”
^ "Constitution of enzymes and their catalythic elements."
^ “in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element”
^ "Work on chemotherapy."
^ “for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements”
^ “for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry”
^ "Work on chlorophyll and hemoglobin."
^ “for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei”
^ "Work on physiological chemistry and "abwehrfermente"."
^ “for his work on disperse systems”
^ a b “in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods”
^ “for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances”
^ "The introduction of physical-chemical problems to physiology, and work on phagocytosis and the permeability of the kidneys."
^ "Important studies on proteins."
^ "Work on nutrition."
^ “for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule”
^ “for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances”
^ a b “for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes”
^ “for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes”
^ "Preparation of crystalline insulin."
^ “for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins”
^ "Research on vitamins"
^ “for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry”
^ “for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases”
^ "Work on physiological chemistry, especially the theories and work on blood coagulation."
^ “for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids”
^ “for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin”
^ "Work on the chemical nature of the antirachitic vitamin; the discovery that food irradiated with ultraviolet rays produced this vitamin".
^ “for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C”
^ "Large-scale synthetic production of thyroxine; also modified Kendall´s original chemical description of thyroxine."
^ "Work on the chemistry of fermentation, especially the isolation and determination of methylglyoxaline as intermediate product in fermentation."
^ “for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes”
^ “for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry”
^ "Work on plasmoquinine and atebrin."
^ “for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2”
^ “for his work on carotenoids and vitamins”
^ a b “for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis”
^ "Work on intermediary metabolism, especially in liver and skeleton muscles."
^ “for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method”
^ “for his work on sex hormones”
^ “for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis”
^ “for his discovery of heavy hydrogen”
^ "Work on auxines."
^ “in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements”
^ "Work on the structure of the nucleic acids."
^ “for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures”
^ "Work on essential substances in rice and their importance in beri-beri."
^ a b “for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form”
^ "Chemical composition of heart glycosides, especially scillarens, digitalins and strophanthidins."
^ "Work on production of plant disease generating virus in crystallized form."
^ "Work on the use of nicotinic acid on "blacktongue"."
^ "Isolation and study of vitamin B1"
^ “for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances”
^ "The discovery of the facts relating to para-amino-benzene sulfonamide."
^ “for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized”
^ "The production of crystalline digestion ferment (enzyme)"
^ "Isotope techniques to study intermediary metabolism."
^ "Work on the chemistry of proteins, kidney function, the acid-base balance and the electrolytic balance of the body."
^ a b "Isolation of a series of carcinogenic substances."
^ “for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone”
^ "Work on the chemical nature of the antirachitic vitamin; the discovery that food irradiated with ultraviolet rays produced this vitamin"
^ "Discovery of synthetic oestrogens, especially stilboestrol (diethylstilbestrol, DES) and their effects."
^ "Dicoumarol and related compounds"
^ a b “for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements”
^ “for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis”
^ “for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions”
^ “for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins”
^ "Work on DDT"
^ "Discovery of the carbon dioxide assimilation process in heterotrophic organisms."
^ “for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes”
^ "Fractionation of plasma proteins..."
^ "Electron microscopy of viruses, leading to knowledge of the nature and morphology of viruses and general insight into the structure and mechanism of crystallization of proteins."
^ "Discovery of cytochromes"
^ "Work on the chemistry of streptomycin."
^ "Work on the amino acid requirements in humans."
^ "Methods for measuring antigens, antibody and complement. Specifically, studies on the purification of Pneumococcus polysaccharides, leading to routines for immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia."
^ “for their invention of partition chromatography”
^ “for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants”
^ “for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances”
^ “for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method”
^ “for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules”
^ "Work on the permeability of the cell wall for ions, and ionic equilibrium."
^ "Isolation and study of the pituitary hormone."
^ “for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science”
^ a b “for their studies of the structures of globular proteins”
^ "Work on dimercaptopropanol and its importance in protection against poisoning by certain metals."
^ “for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin”
^ “for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids”
^ "Discoveries and development of new chemical separation methods based on "counter-current extraction and partition chromatography"."
^ “for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers”
^ a b “for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy”
^ “for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes”
^ “for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates”
^ “for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals”
^ “for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions”
^ a b “for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis”
^ a b “Nomination 21161 to J.Polanyi has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry”
^ “for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures”
^ “All nominations with J.Watson have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “Data of James Watson (id 11107) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “Data of Francis Crick (id 11108) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “Data of Maurice Wilkins (id 11109) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ "The role of nucleic acids, in particular RNA, in cellular protein synthesis"
^ a b “for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds”
^ “for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions”
^ “for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule”
^ "Synthetic antihistamine compounds"
^ “Nomination 19435 by L.Saunders has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
^ “Data about nomination of Laurens L M van Deenen (id 13330) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
^ “Data of G H de Haas (id 14300) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
^ “for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix”
^ “for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity”
^ “for his contribution to carbocation chemistry”
^ “Nomination 19661 to David Warren Turner have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “Data of David Warren Turner (id 14450) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “Nomination 20925 to R.Hoffmann has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions”
^ “Data of R Hoffman (id 15546) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures”
^ “for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes”
^ “Data of John Polanyi (id 15675) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “Nomination 21155 to El.J.Corey has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis”
^ “Data of El.J.Corey (id 15672) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “Nomination 21107 to M.St.Meselson has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “Data of M.St.Meselson (id 15637) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
^ “Nomination 22157 to Tetsuo Nozoe is hidden at the Nomination Archive site now”
References
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^ "Guide to Nobel Prize" . Britannica . Retrieved 10 June 2013 .
^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911" . Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Fischer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Emil Fischer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Svante Arrhenius" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Henri Moissan" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Zdenko Skraup" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Marcellin Berthelot" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Pope" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Ramsay" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf von Baeyer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Theodore Richards" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Wolcott Gibbs" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Knietsch" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Wislicenus" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Morley" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Armand Gautier" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Armand Gautier" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Harmon Morse" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Ostwald" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Eduard Buchner" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Dmitri Mendeleev" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Giacomo Ciamician" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Le Châtelier" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Walther Nernst" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Victor Grignard" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Sabatier" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Lord Rutherford" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Wallach" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Werner" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Stanislao Canizzaro" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Sophus Jörgensen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Fredrik Kjellin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Crookes" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Samuel Eyde" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Kristian Birkeland" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Heinrich Caro" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Adolph Frank" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Curtius" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Albin Haller" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Willstätter" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Soddy" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Albrecht Kossel" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gustaf de Laval" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Lunge" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Hantzsch" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edmund von Lippmann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Landolt" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Schönherr" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Engler" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Senderens" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gabriel Bertrand" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Gaston Bertrand" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Sir James Dewar" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Liebermann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Martin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Walthère Spring" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Marie Curie" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Ehrlich" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for P.Ehrlich&S.Hata" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Sahachiro Hata" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Perkin Jr" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Angelo Angeli" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gustav Tammann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Haber" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hilaire de Chardonnet" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Philippe Barbier" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Urbain" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Zsigmondy" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Küster" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Küster&Marchlewski" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Leon Marchlewski" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Karol Olszewski" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Zincke" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Harries" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Recoura" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Hahn" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Schmidt" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Tschirch" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Walden" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Sir William Henry Bragg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Moseley" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Galton Darwin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edouard Branly" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Die Dozenten der Universität Zürich (S.692) – Herzfeld Eugen" (PDF) . archiv.uzh.ch (in German). Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Eugen Herzfeld" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Emanuele Paterno" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Emil Abderhalden" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Abderhalden" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Baptiste Perrin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Svedberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Bosch" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frank Clarke" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Felix Ehrlich" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Emile Bourquelot" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Eder" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Amé Pictet" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Knut Jacob Beskow" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Ramén" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Philippe-Auguste Guye" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Amé Pictet" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for H.Hamburger&S.P.L.Sørensen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hartog Hamburger" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Mikhail Tsvet" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Schlenk" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Martinus Beijerinck" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Curtis Franklin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Niels Bohr" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Fischer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Emilio Noelting" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Noyes" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ossian Aschan" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Moureu" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Sören Sörensen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Freundlich" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Moses Gomberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Sergei Winogradsky" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Sergei Winogradsky" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Aston" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Holleman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Auer von Welsbach" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Nikodem Caro" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gilbert N. Lewis" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Siedentopf" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Power" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Heinrich Wieland" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hans von Euler-Chelpin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – George de Hevesy" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Emich" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Dirk Coster" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Lise Meitner" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – André Debierne" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for John Jacob Abel" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – John Jacob Abel" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf Windaus" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Foerster" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Piero Ginori Conti" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Giuseppe Oddo" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Casimir Funk" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Casimir Funk" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Pascal" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Irving Langmuir" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Petrus Debye" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Hopkins" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Baker" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Cohen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Olof Hammarsten" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Olof Hammarsten" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Julius Bredt" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Peters" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Adolf Paneth" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Niels Bjerrum" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Robinson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Samuel Lind" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Kasimir Fajans" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Bruno Tacke" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Fischer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred F Hess" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Alfred Hess&Steenbock" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Hess" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Harden" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Bergius" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Sir Walter Norman Haworth" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Warburg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – George Barger" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for G.Barger&Ch.Harington" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Harington" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Bennewitz" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes van Laar" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Stock" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Carl Neuberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Neuberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frédéric Swarts" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Max Bodenstein" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Ruff" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Victor Goldschmidt" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Brönsted" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Dufraisse" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Percy Bridgman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Carl F. Schmidt" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Eucken" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Eucken" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Karl-Friedrich O Bonhoeffer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Leopold Ruzicka" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Staudinger" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Werner Schulemann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Werner Schulemann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Karl von Auwers" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Donnan" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Peter Klason" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – James Irvine" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Werner Kuhn" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Karrer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Kuhn" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Diels" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Gustav Embden" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gustav Embden" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Noddack" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ida Noddack" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Artturi Virtanen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Späth" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Votocek" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf Butenandt" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jaroslav Heyrovský" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Harold Clayton Urey" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Washburn" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Maillard" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Fritz Kögl" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Kögl" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Erik Hägglund" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frédéric Joliot" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Irène Joliot-Curie" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Enrico Fermi" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – George Curme" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Phoebus Levene" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Phoebus Levene" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "The Electrochemical Society – Colin G. Fink" . electrochem.org . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Colin Fink" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Max Bergmann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Giauque" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Alder" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Umetaro Suzuki" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Umetaro Suzuki" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Arthur Bone" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jacob Heslinga" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ H. Ter Meulen en J. Heslinga, Nieuwe methoden voor Elementair-analyse , Delft, 1925, 2e druk 1930
^ "Nomination Archive – Henri ter Meulen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Hönigschmid" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jens Möller" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Wojciech Swiętosławski" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hugo Theorell" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Marc Tiffeneau" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Binz" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Curt Räth" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ Christoph de Haen X-ray Contrast Agent Technology: A Revolutionary History , p. 62 (CRC Press and Taylor&Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida 2019)
^ "Nomination Archive – Franz Fischer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Hofmann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gustaf Komppa" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Harteck" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz London" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – George Stanley" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Harkins" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jacob Böeseken" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Victor Henri" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Vladimir Ipatieff" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Arthur Stoll" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Stoll" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Bredig" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Bawden" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Fr.Bawden&N.Pirie" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Norman Pirie" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "BnF Data – Paul Job (1886-1957)" . data.bnf.fr . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Job" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "BnF Data – Maurice Piettre (1878-1954)" . data.bnf.fr . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Piettre" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Francesco Giordani" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Wrinch" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Conrad Elvehjem" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Conrad Elvehjem" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Fourneau" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Robley Cook Williams" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Robley Cook Williams" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Linus Pauling" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Weigert" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Tréfouël" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jacques Tréfouël" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Christopher Kelk Ingold" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – John Howard Northrop" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – James Sumner" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Moses Kunitz" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Moses Kunitz" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Rudolf Schoenheimer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Schoenheimer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Niggli" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Donald Van Slyke" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Donald Van Slyke" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Portevin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – René Wurmser" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for J.W.Cook&E.L.Kennaway" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Lawrence Kennaway" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – James Wilfred Cook" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Heinrich Heitler" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Tadeusz Reichstein" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Vincent du Vigneaud" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Harry Steenbock" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edward Dodds" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Dodds" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Klaus Clusius" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Karl Paul Link" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Paul Link" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Eyring" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arne Westgren" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Glenn Theodore Seaborg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Burns Woodward" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Adolf Krebs" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hugh Taylor" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Doering" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Frumkin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Cyril Norman Hinshelwood" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arne Tiselius" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ Dictionary of Scientific Biography 4 76-77 (Princeton University Press, 1971)
^ "Nomination Archive – Henri Devaux" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Leo Szilard" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Science Museum Group – J R Geigy SA" . collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica – Ciba-Geigy AG (Swiss pharmaceutical company)" . britannica.com . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – S A Geigy" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Base de données des élites suisses – Läuger, Paul" . unil.ch (in French). Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Paul Läuger" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Läuger" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Robert Frisch" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin McMillan" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Philip Abelson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Lebeau" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – David Rittenberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Misrky" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Rabe" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Dickel" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Kennedy" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Armand Jacquet" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Morris Kharasch" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Roger Adams" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Lebrecht Meerwein" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Johan Arvid Hedvall" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Chester Werkman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Ch.Werkman&H.G.Wood" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Harland Wood" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – A J Kluyver" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Robertus Todd" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Kendall" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edwin Joseph Cohn" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin Joseph Cohn" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "The Electrochemical Society – George W. Heise" . electrochem.org . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – George Heise" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Miescher" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – George Dyson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Richter" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ Kunststoffe 52 (1) 59 (1962)
^ "Nomination Archive – Domingo Giribaldo" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Ralph Walter Wyckoff" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ralph Walter Wyckoff" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for David Keilin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – David Keilin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Karl Folkers" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Folkers" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Reppe" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for William Rose" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Rose" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Michael Heidelberger" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Michael Heidelberger" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Archer Martin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Synge" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Melvin Calvin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Sanderson Mulliken" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Flory" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Selman Waksman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Lipmann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – George Wells Beadle" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Thérèse Tréfouël" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gladwyn Buttle" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ British Medical Journal 286 (6379) 1758 (1983)
^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Wahl" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – John Hamaker" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Glenn E Sheline" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Wendell Latimer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Werner" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Isadore Perlman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Kirk" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "University of California: In Memoriam, 1991 – Glenn E. Sheline" . texts.cdlib.org . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 40 (2) 213 (1981)
^ "Nomination Archive – Raphael Consden" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Gramicidin S; the sequence of the amino-acid residues" Biochemical Journal 41 (4) 596-602 (1947)
^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Gordon" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edward Joseph Conway" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Joseph Conway" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Irving Schlesinger" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Choh Hao Li" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Choh Hao Li" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Burris Bell Cunningham" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Willard Frank Libby" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Max Ferdinand Perutz" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Yasuhiko Asahina" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Axel Lindh" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ian Morris Heilbron" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Rudolph Peters" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolph Peters" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Sanger" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frits Zernike" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Claude Hudson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Walther Kossel" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Simon" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Hume-Rothery" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Marguerite Perey" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Lyman Craig" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Lyman Craig" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Erich Müller" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Erwin Wilhelm Müller" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Braunstein" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Hieber" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Emilio Segrè" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Öjvind Winge" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Izaak Kolthoff" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Lawrie Tatum" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Ziegler" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Giulio Natta" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – George Porter" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Lars Onsager" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Louis Fieser" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Fieser" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Josef Mattauch" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Félix Trombe" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Max Volmer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Feigl" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Martin David Kamen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – John Clarke Slater" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Severo Ochoa" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Lemaître" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Gale" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Joan Folkes" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Boris Arbuzov" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Arbuzov" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Heinz Fraenckel-Conrat" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jannik Bjerrum" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Emil Brauns" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Johann Freudenberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Oswald Theodore Avery" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Oswald Theodore Avery" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Colin Munro MacLeod" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Maclyn McCarty" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Marietta Blau" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Charpentier" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Coryell" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice-Marie Janot" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alexandre Vladimiravitche Palladine" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – G L Stadnikov" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Eric Keightley Rideal" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Horecker" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Hund" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Erich Hückel" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Wagner" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Wagner" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – C Wagner" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Luis Federico Leloir" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Herzberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Vladimir Prelog" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Wittig" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Maria Goeppert-Mayer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Bogdan Kamienski" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Max Mousseron" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Yoshiyuki Toyama" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Brachet" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Herman Francis Mark" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Mark" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gerold Karel Schwarzenbach" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – John Kendrew" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Kornberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Feodor Lynen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – David Green" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Owen Rice" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gunter Scheibe" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Rossini" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – M J Chedin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Bror Holmberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Egon Wiberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William Pfann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Schottky" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Michael Polanyi" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Derek Harold Richard Barton" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Odd Hassel" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ilya Prigogine" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – James Watson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Crick" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Wilkins" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Hershey" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Gerhard Burgers" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Martin Deutsch" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Roger Williams" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Andrew Benson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Cary" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Orville Beckman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Josef Engl" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Massolle" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Vogt" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Martha Chase" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Grierer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "New York Times – John Aston, 87, Dies; Pioneer in Cryogenics" . The New York Times . 9 August 1990. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – John Aston" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Schramm" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Manfred Eigen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ronald George Wreyford Norrish" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Konrad Bloch" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Torbjörn Caspersson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Torbjörn Caspersson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Stanford University – Pierre Van Rysselberghe" . chemistry.stanford.edu . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Van Rysselberghe" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Efraim Racker" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Corey" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Lars Gunnar Sillén" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Britton Chance" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Léon Chaudron" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Daniel Israel Arnon" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Bijvoet" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Harry George Drickamer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Leslie Orgel" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Otto Fischer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Néel" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Peter Pauson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Stacey" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Tadeusz Urbanski" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Karl-Wolfgang Mundry" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Clemens Schöpf" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Vinogradov" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Djerassi" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Plack Hammett" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Sanichiro Mizushima" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Brown" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Har Gobind Khorana" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ludwig August Wilhelm Geilmann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Dionyz Ilkovic" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Noel Slater" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gunnar Blix" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Klenk" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "University of Minnesota Awards&Honours – Stanley Bruckenstein" . uawards.umn.edu . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Stanley Bruckenstein" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – James Baddiley" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – James Baddiley" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – John Monteath Robertson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edgar Bright Wilson Jr" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Arndt" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alberte Pullman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Pullman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Neil Bartlett" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Champagnat" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Saul Winstein" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edmund Hirst" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Coulson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – E F Terroine" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – P C Zamecnik" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – K Yamafuji" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Holmes" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Chicago Tribune – JOHN G. MALM" . chicagotribune.com . 15 May 1999. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – J Malm" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ H. H. Claassen, H. Selig and J. G. Malm, “Xenon Tetrafluoride” Journal of the American Chemical Society 84 3593 (1962) doi:10.1021/ja00877a042
^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Claassen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Classen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – H Selig" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "ASA/CSCA Member Obituaries – Howard H. Claassen" . asa3.org . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Journal of Fluorine Chemistry – Henry Selig-Obituary" (PDF) . journals.elsevier.com . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Ivanovich Oparin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – G M Schwab" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Efraim Katchalski-Kazir" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Bernd Theodor Matthias" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frantisek Sorm" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – František Šorm" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – John Warcup Cornforth Jr" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jacques Monod" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – J Jacob" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Doughty Bartlett" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Salomon S. Cohen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ Baklan, V. Yu; Vasylyev, A. D.; Kublanovskii, V. S.; Grafov, B. M. (March 2012). "Russian Journal of Electrochemistry – To the Centenary of O.K. Davtyan" . Russian Journal of Electrochemistry . 48 (3): 348–349. doi :10.1134/S1023193512660019 . S2CID 93777377 . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – O K Davtjan" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Ulick Richardson Evans" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – S G Mason" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Geoffrey Ingram Taylor" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Henrik Gunnar Lundegårdh" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Chemical & Engineering News – Obituary: Leonard Mortenson" . cen.acs.org . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – L E Mortenson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ Mortenson LE, Valentine RC, Carnahan JE "An electron transport factor from Clostridium pasteurianum" Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 7 (6): 448–52 (June 1962) doi:10.1016/0006-291X(62)90333-9 PMID 14476372
^ "Nomination Archive – R C Valentine" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – J E Carnahan" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Cape Gazette – James E. Carnahan, retired research chemist" . CapeGazette.com . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Erwin Chargaff" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Roche" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Iwan Nikolov Stranski" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – A Guinier" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Kratky" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alan Walsh" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Eschenmoser" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Prévost" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Hoppe" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – G Popjak" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Criegee" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Rieche" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Marshall Warren Nirenberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Robert William Holley" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Stanford Moore" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – William H Stein" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Barrer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Bernard Halpern" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Halpern" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Sudetendeutsche Akademieder Wissenschaften und Künste – Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Kurt Hannig" . sudetendeutsche-akademie.eu (in German). Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – K Hannig" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – James Franklin Hyde" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Lüttringhaus" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin Theodore Mertz" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Laurens L M van Deenen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – G H de Haas" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Catalogus Professorum – Prof.dr. G. Horrëus de Haas" . profs.library.uu.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – C L Vernet" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ A. CHAMPAGNAT, C. VERNET, B. LAINÉ & J. FILOSA Biosynthesis of Protein-Vitamin Concentrates from Petroleum Nature 197 13–14 (1963)
^ "Nomination Archive – B Lainé" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – J Filosa" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – T R Seshadri" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – K I Pitzer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 ."Nomination Archive – Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Schwyzer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Sol Spiegelman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Geoffrey Wilkinson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Bruce Merrifield" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – George Wald" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – M Ballester" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Lecomte" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Max Rudolf Lemberg" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ Electrochemical Dictionary (2nd ed., Springer 2012) p.559
^ "Nomination Archive – J J Lingane" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 24 408-442 (1978)
^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Alan Morton" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Giorgio Piccardi" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – H Schmid" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frank Harold Spedding" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ In Memorium of Prof. Dr. A.R. Tourky U.A.R. journal of chemistry 14 376 (1971)
^ "Nomination Archive – A R Tourky" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Tennessee Encyclopedia – Ellison Hall Taylor" . tennesseeencyclopedia.net . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – E H Taylor" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – S Datz" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – M B Allen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – F R Whatley" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Stephen Brunauer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Hugh Emmett" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Teller" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Esmond Emerson Snell" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Frank Albert Cotton" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – D C Cram" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – George Andrew Olah" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Erika Cremer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – K G Denbigh" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Oakland Hirschfelder" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Eugene Patrick Kennedy" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – B M Kozyrev" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - A.O.C Nier" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Alfred C Nier" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften – Eiji Ochiai" (PDF) . badw.de . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – E Ochiai" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Eugene George Rochow" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – E Stenhagen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Tuppy" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Anthony Leonid Turkevich" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - David Warren Turner" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - O Westphal" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Aharon Katzir-Katchalsky" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ The University of Leeds Review 23 263 (1980)
^ "Nomination Archive – B E Cross" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "A Century of Gibberellin Research" Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 34 740-760 (2015)
^ "Nomination Archive – Y Sumiki" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – T Yabuta" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ The Journal of Antibiotics XXVII (12) 1003 (1974)
^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Lewis" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – J B Zeldovic" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ Tetrahedron 38 (5) 565 (1982)
^ "Nomination Archive – L Velluz" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ L. Velluz, M. Legrand und M. Grosjean Optical Circular Dichroism. Principles, Measurements, and Applications . Verlag Chemie GmbH., Weinheim/Bergstr., und Academic Press, New York-London, 1965.
^ "Nomination Archive – M Legrand" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – M Grosjean" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Klaus Biemann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Arie Jan Haagen-Smit" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "BnF Data - Henri Normant (1907-1997)" . data.bnf.fr . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Henri Normant" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – I Zvara" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Georgy Nikolayevich Flerov" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Konstantin Antonovich Petrzhak" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – R Hoffman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Horace Albert Barker" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – F P Bundy" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques – CALAS Raymond Jean" . cths.fr . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – R Calas" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – H J Emeléus" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Förster" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Rolf Huisgen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – C Manneback" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – David Nachmansohn" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani – Piontelli, Roberto" . treccani.it . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Roberto Piontelli" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Eugene I Rabinowitch" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – P A Rebinder" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – H Witt" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Melville Lawrence Wolfrom" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Helmut Zahn" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – László Zechmeister" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jacques Bénard" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Adolphe Van Tiggelen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – J M Buchanan" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – E Stahl" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Franz Sondheimer" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – M Julia" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Costin D Nenitzescu" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Rowland Pettit" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – W Jost" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Kirrmann" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Harden M McConnell" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Aleksandr Nikolaevich Nesmejanov" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Gilbert Stork" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Pehr Victor Edman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jerker Porath" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Jerome L Karle" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – John Charles Polanyi" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Elias James Corey" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Sune K Bergström" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Walter Houser Brattain" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - John O'Mara Bockris" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Herbert Spencer Harned" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "NAS Biographical Memoirs - Herbert Spencer Harned" (PDF) . nasonline.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - John Desmond Bernal" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Gaston Charlot" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - M Delhaye" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Boris Vladimirovich Derjagin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Nikolay Markovich Emanuel" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive – Matthew Stanley Meselson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "NAS Biographical Memoirs - George Scatchard" (PDF) . nasonline.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - George Scatchard" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - H. T. F. Wieland" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - A van Dorp" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - David Mervyn Blow" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - David Chilton Phillips" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - W Hückel" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ CHIMIA 55 (5), 472-473 (2001)
^ "Nomination Archive - Christian Klixbüll-Jørgensen" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - J W Boag" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - E J Hart" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Robert L Platzman" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ Radiation Research 143 (3) 349-351 (1995)
^ Radiation Research 58 (3) 559-563 (1974)
^ "Nomination Archive - Joseph Chatt" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Stig M Claesson" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - George Simms Hammond" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Aleksandr Nikolaevich Terenin" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Charles Gilbert Overberger" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - H M Frey" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - J Hine" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - W Kirmse" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Nomination for Nobel Prize in Chemistry Year: 1974 Number: 74 - 0" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ "Nomination Archive - Tetsuo Nozoe" . NobelPrize.org . April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
^ Mehlin, Hans (2020-04-01). "Nomination%20achive%20-%20Chemistry%201971" . NobelPrize.org . Retrieved 2024-05-01 .
^ Mehlin, Hans (2020-04-01). "Nomination%20achive%20-%20Chemistry%201972" . NobelPrize.org . Retrieved 2024-05-01 .
^ Mehlin, Hans (2020-04-01). "Nomination%20achive%20-%20Chemistry%201973" . NobelPrize.org . Retrieved 2024-05-01 .
Prizes Laureates
Nominees
Organisations Related 1 Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).
1901–1925 1926–1950 1951–1975 1976–2000 2001–present