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Demokrasi Islam

Demokrasi Islam adalah demokrasi ideologi politik yang berusaha menerapkan prinsip-prinsip Islam ke dalam kebijakan publik dalam kerangka demokrasi. Teori politik Islam menyebutkan tiga ciri dasar demokrasi Islam: pemimpin harus dipilih oleh rakyat, tunduk pada syariah, dan berkomitmen untuk mempraktekkan "syura", sebuah bentuk konsultasi khusus yang dilakukan oleh Nabi Islam Muhammad yang dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai hadits dengan komunitas mereka.[1] Negara-negara yang memenuhi tiga ciri dasar tersebut antara lain Iran dan Malaysia. Afghanistan, Arab Saudi, Qatar, dan Uni Emirat Arab adalah contoh negara yang tidak menganut prinsip demokrasi Islam meski negara-negara Islam, karena negara-negara ini tidak mengadakan pemilihan. Pelaksanaan demokrasi Islam berbeda di negara-negara mayoritas muslim, karena interpretasi syariah berbeda-beda dari satu negara ke negara lain, dan penggunaan syariah lebih komprehensif di negara-negara di mana syariah menjadi dasar bagi undang-undang negara.

Konsep liberalisme dan partisipasi demokratis sudah ada di dunia Islam abad pertengahan.[2][3][4] Kekhalifahan Rasyidin dianggap oleh para pendukungnya sebagai contoh awal sebuah negara demokratis dan diklaim bahwa perkembangan demokrasi di dunia Islam akhirnya terhenti setelah perpecahan Sunni–Syiah.[5]

Partai dan Organisasi Demokratis Islam

Berikut ini adalah daftar partai yang bertujuan untuk menerapkan syariat atau negara Islam, atau menganut identitas politik muslim, atau dengan cara lain memenuhi definisi politik Islam, aktivis Islam, atau Islamisme yang dijelaskan dalam artikel ini; atau telah banyak dideskripsikan oleh orang lain.

Negara atau jangkauan Gerakan
Internasional
 Bahrain
 Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh[7][8] (Dilarang)
 Mesir
 India
 Indonesia
 Iran
 Iraq
 Yordania Front Aksi Islam[13]
 Kuwait Hadas
 Lebanon
 Libya
 Malaysia Partai Amanah Negara
 Maladewa
 Maroko Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan[25][26]
 Pakistan
 Palestina
 Filipina
 Rwanda Partai Demokratis Islam
 Sudan Partai Umat Nasional
 Somalia Partai Perdamaian dan Pembangunan
 Suriah Ikhwanul Muslimin di Suriah[31][32][33] (Dilarang)
 Turki
 Yaman

Rujukan

  1. ^ Ghadbian, Najib (July 6, 2003). "Democracy or Self-Interest?". Harvard International Review. Diakses tanggal 2011-10-19. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  2. ^ Weeramantry, Christopher G. (1997). Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. hlm. 134–5. ISBN 90-411-0241-8. 
  3. ^ Sullivan, Antony T. (January–February 1997). "Istanbul Conference Traces Islamic Roots of Western Law, Society". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: 36. Diakses tanggal 2008-02-29. 
  4. ^ Goodman, Lenn Evan (2003). Islamic Humanism. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 155. ISBN 0-19-513580-6. 
  5. ^ al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (1998–1999). "Islamic and American Constitutional Law: Borrowing Possibilities or a History of Borrowing". University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law. 1 (3): 492–527 [507–25]. 
  6. ^ Guide to Bahrain's politics – 4 Sep 2008. Ambassador Ereli, US Embassy, Bahrain/Wikileaks/The Guardian
  7. ^ "The Tenacity of Hope". The Economist. 30 December 2008. Diakses tanggal 25 October 2014. [The BNP] seems also to have been hurt by its alliance with Islamist parties, the largest of which, Jamaat-e-Islami, was reduced from 17 seats to just two. 
  8. ^ "Bangladesh and war crimes: Blighted at birth". The Economist. 1 July 2010. West [Pakistan]'s army had the support of many of East Pakistan's Islamist parties. They included Jamaat-e-Islami, still Bangladesh's largest Islamist party ... reinstating and enforcing that original constitution might amount to an outright ban on Jamaat, the standardbearer in Bangladesh for a conservative strain of Islam. 
  9. ^ Islamists Win 75% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament The New York Times.
  10. ^ Evans, Kevin R (2003). The history of political parties & general elections in Indonesia. Jakarta:Arise Consultancies.
  11. ^ Schwarz, Adam (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Allen & Unwin. hlm. 172. ISBN 0-521-77326-1. 
  12. ^ Dhume, Sadanand. (December 1, 2005). Indonesian Democracy’s Enemy Within. Yale Global.
  13. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama atimes.com
  14. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama meforum.org
  15. ^ "Muslim Brotherhood formally launches party". Libya Herald. 3 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2012. 
  16. ^ Soguel, Dominique (3 March 2012). "Muslim Brother picked to lead new Libya party". Times of India. Tripoli. Agence France-Presse. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-01. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2012. 
  17. ^ Beaumont, Peter (3 December 2011), "Political Islam poised to dominate the new world bequeathed by Arab spring", The Guardian, diakses tanggal 31 January 2012 
  18. ^ "Islamists' Growing Sway Raises Questions for Libya". 15 September 2011. Diakses tanggal 2012-06-10. 
  19. ^ Spencer, Richard (19 November 2011), "Libyan cleric announces new party on lines of 'moderate' Islamic democracy", The Telegraph, diakses tanggal 31 January 2012 
  20. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Haimzadeh
  21. ^ Grant, George (1 July 2012), "Party Profile: The National Forces Alliance", Libya Herald 
  22. ^ [1] Diarsipkan March 11, 2012, di Wayback Machine.
  23. ^ UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.5. From:"Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-29. Diakses tanggal 2013-01-05. 
  24. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama ReferenceA
  25. ^ Chen, Cherice (25 November 2011). "Morocco votes in first election since protests; Islamist party eyes victory". Taiwan News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-11-27. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2011. 
  26. ^ Alami, Aida (25 November 2011). "Moroccans Vote in Election Marking Shift of Power From King". Bloomberg Businessweek. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 November 2011. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2011. 
  27. ^ Sidrah Moiz Khan "Pakistan's creation pointless if it fails to become Islamic welfare state" "Imran Khan said on Wednesday that Pakistan’s creation had been pointless if the country fails to become an Islamic welfare state" 27 June 2012.
  28. ^ Marcus Michaelsen "Pakistan's dream catcher" "Iqbal's work has influenced Imran Khan in his deliberations on an "Islamic social state" 27 March 2012.
  29. ^ * "This is particularly the case in view of the scholarly debate on the compatibility of Islam and democracy but even more so in view of Hamas's self-definition as an Islamic national liberation movement." The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence, by Shaul Mishal & Avraham Sela, 2006, p. xxviii;
  30. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About Hamas". Abcnews.go.com. 2006-01-06. Diakses tanggal 2011-08-02. 
  31. ^ Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt By Liz Sly, Washington Post 12 May 2012
  32. ^ Khaled Yacoub Oweis "Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes," Diarsipkan 2015-10-15 di Wayback Machine. Reuters (6 May 2012).
  33. ^ "Syria Muslim Brotherhood Issues Post-Assad State-for-All Commitment Charter," Diarsipkan January 17, 2013, di Wayback Machine. ikhwanweb.com (The Muslim Brotherhood’s Official English web site) (7 April 2012).
  34. ^ "AKP explains charter changes, slams foreign descriptions". Hürriyet Daily News. Istanbul. 2010-03-28. Diakses tanggal 21 July 2014. In the Western press, when the AK Party administration, the ruling party of the Turkish Republic, is being named, unfortunately most of the time 'Islamic,' 'Islamist,' 'mildly Islamist,' 'Islamic-oriented,' 'Islamic-leaning,' 'Islamic-based' or 'with an Islamic agenda,' and similar language is being used. These characterizations do not reflect the truth, and they sadden us," Çelik said. "Yes, the AK Party is a conservative democratic party. The AK Party's conservatism is limited to moral and social issues. 

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