Kebudayaan Andronovo

Kebudayaan Andronovo
Jangkauan; geografis	Stepa Eurasia
Periode	Zaman Perunggu Akhir
Tanggal	k. 2000 SM – 1450 SM
Didahului oleh	Kebudayaan Barang Kawat, Kebudayaan Sintashta, Kebudayaan Okunev
Diikuti oleh	Kebudayaan Karasuk

Kebudayaan Andronovo (bahasa Rusia: Андроновская культура, translit. Andronovskaya kul'tura) adalah kumpulan kebudayaan Zaman Perunggu Akhir serupa yang berkembang pada sekitar tahun 2000–1450 SM^[1]^[2] di Siberia bagian barat dan Stepa Eurasia.^[3] Beberapa peneliti lebih suka menyebutnya sebagai kawasan arkeologis.^[4] Kebudayaan Sintashta yang sedikit lebih tua (2050–1900 SM), yang sebelumnya dianggap bagian dari kebudayaan Andronovo, sekarang dianggap terpisah dari kebudayaan Andronovo Awal.^[5] Penelitian baru menunjukkan tahap pertama budaya Andronovo dapat dimulai pada akhir milenium ke-3 SM, dengan penggembalaan ternak, karena pakan alami sama sekali tidak sulit ditemukan di padang rumput yang dekat dengan tempat tinggal.^[6]^[7]

Kebanyakan peneliti menghubungkan kebudayaan Andronovo dengan bahasa Indo-Iran tahap awal, meskipun mungkin tumpang tindih dengan daerah penutur bahasa Ural awal di pinggiran utaranya.^[8] Allentoft (2015) menyimpulkan dari penelitian genetika masyarakat di tempat itu dulu bahwa kebudayaan Sintashta ebelumnya harus sebagian berasal dari Kebudayaan Barang Kawat, mengingat proporsi leluhur yang lebih tinggi yang cocok dengan masyarakat petani Eropa sebelumnya, mirip dengan campuran yang ditemukan dalam genom masyarakat kebudayaan Barang Kawat.^[9]

Penemuan

Nama ini berasal dari desa Andronovo di Rayon Uzhurskiy, Krai Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, tempat arkeolog bernama Arkadi Tugarinov^[ru] menemukan sisa-sisanya yang pertama pada tahun 1914. Beberapa kuburan ditemukan, dengan kerangka dalam posisi berjongkok, dikubur dengan tembikar yang dihias dengan indah. Istilah Kebudayaan Andronovo digagas oleh arkeolog Sergei Teploukhov pada dasawarsa 1920-an.^[10]

Penanggalan dan sub-kebudayaan

Saat ini hanya dua sub-kebudayaan yang dianggap sebagai bagian dari budaya Andronovo:^[1]

Alakul (2000–1700 SM)^[2] antara Oxus (kini Amu Darya), dan Jaxartes, Gurun Kyzylkum
Fëdorovo (2000–1450 SM)^[11]^[2] di Siberia bagian selatan (bukti paling awal tentang kremasi dan pemujaan api^[12])

Penulis lain sebelumnya mengidentifikasi sub-budaya berikut juga sebagai bagian dari Andronovo:

Fedorovo Timur (1750–1500 SM)^[13] di Pegunungan Tian Shan (Xinjiang barat laut, Tiongkok), Kazakhstan tenggara, Kyrgyzstan timur
Alekseyevka (1200–1000 SM)^[14] "tahap akhir Zaman Perunggu" di Kazakhstan bagian timur, kontak dengan Namazga VI di Turkmenia

Beberapa penulis telah mempertanyakan tahap dan model penyebaran ke arah timur karena semakin banyak bukti kehadiran fitur budaya ini sebelumnya di bagian timur Asia Tengah.^[15]

Referensi

Catatan kaki

^ ^a ^b Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" Diarsipkan 2021-12-09 di Wayback Machine., in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.3: "...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..."
^ ^a ^b ^c Parpola, Asko, (2020). "Royal 'Chariot' Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages", in Studia Orientalia Electronica, Vol. 8, No. 1, Oct 23, 2020, p.188: "...the Alakul’ culture (c.2000–1700 BCE) in the west and the Fëdorovo culture (c.1850–1450 BCE) in the east..."
^ Mallory 1997, hlm. 20–21
^ Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press.
^ Hoshko, Tatiana, (2019). "Oriental Technologies in the Production of Cauldrons of Late bronze Age", in _Historiography, Source Studies and Special Historical Disciplines_,SKHID No. 2 (160) March–April 2019, p. 87.
^ Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. “The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan): An overview of major socio-economic changes, derived from funerary practices of the Andronovo and Saka populations of the Bronze and Iron Ages (2nd-1st millennium BCE)”, in: Nomad lives: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day, Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, pp. 479-503.
^ Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. “The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan)", Summary (in French): "...Durant la première étape de la culture d’Andronovo (Bronze ancien à la fin du IIIe millénaire avant n.è.), le cheptel (principalement constitué de bovins) était réduit et le fourrage naturel n’était nullement difficile à trouver dans les pâturages proches des habitations..."
^ Beckwith 2009, hlm. 49: "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians."
^ Allentoft, Morten; Sikora, Martin (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507.
^ Ensiklopedia Besar Soviet, Artikel: "Andronovo".
^ Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" Diarsipkan 2021-12-09 di Wayback Machine., in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.28: ".... The Fyodorovka dates in the north of the forest- steppe Tobol region are close to the dates in the Southern Transurals and lie in the interval of the 20th–16th centuries BC...Fyodorovka culture, in general, is synchronous with Alakul..."
^ Diakonoff 1995
^ Jia, Peter W., Alison Betts, Dexin Cong, Xiaobing Jia, & Paula Doumani Dupuy, (2017). "Adunqiaolu: new evidence for the Andronovo in Xinjiang, China", in _Antiquity 91 (357)_, pp. 632, 634, 637.
^ Mallory, J.P., (1997). "Andronovo Culture", in J.P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams (eds.),_Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture_, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, London and Chicago, p. 20.
^ Jia, Peter W., Alison Betts, Dexin Cong, Xiaobing Jia, & Paula Doumani Dupuy, (2017). "Adunqiaolu: new evidence for the Andronovo in Xinjiang, China", in _Antiquity 91 (357)_, pp. 621-639.

Daftar Pustaka

Anthony, David; Vinogradov, Nikolai (1995), "Birth of the Chariot", Archaeology, 48 (2), hlm. 36–41 .
Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691135892. Diakses tanggal 30 May 2015.
Bryant, Edwin (2001), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4 .
Diakonoff, Igor M. (1995), "Two Recent Studies of Indo-Iranian Origins", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 115 (3), hlm. 473–477, doi:10.2307/606224, JSTOR 606224 .
Fussman, G.; Kellens, J.; Francfort, H. P.; Tremblay, X. (2005). Āryas, aryens et iraniens en Asie centrale. Paris: Collège de France. ISBN 2-86803-072-6.
Jones-Bley, K.; Zdanovich, D. G. (eds.), Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC, 2 vols, JIES Monograph Series Nos. 45, 46, Washington D.C. (2002), ISBN 0-941694-83-6, ISBN 0-941694-86-0.
Kuz'mina, E. E. (1994), Откуда пришли индоарии? (Whence came the Indo-Aryans), Moscow: Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences)
Kuzmina, Elena E. (2007). Mallory, J. P., ed. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004160545.
Mallory, J. P. (1989). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500050521. Diakses tanggal February 14, 2015.
Mallory, J. P. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1884964985. Diakses tanggal February 15, 2015.
Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2008). The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500283721.
Mathieson, Iain (November 23, 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. PMC 4918750 . PMID 26595274.
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (September 6, 2019). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science. 365 (6457): eaat7487. doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. PMC 6822619 . PMID 31488661.
Parpola, Asko (2015), The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization, Oxford University Press

Pustaka lanjutan

Chechushkov, Igor V.; et al. (August 2020). "Early evidence for horse utilization in the Eurasian steppes and the case of the Novoil'inovskiy 2 Cemetery in Kazakhstan". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Elsevier. 32: 102420. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102420. Diakses tanggal July 16, 2020.
Ning, Chao & Zheng, Hong-Xiang & Zhang, Fan & Wu, Sihao & Li, Chunxiang & Zhao, Yongbin & Xu, Yang & Wei, Dong & Wu, Yong & Gao, Shizhu & Jin, Li & Cui, Yinqiu. (2021). "Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Extensive Genetic Influence of the Steppe Pastoralists in Western Xinjiang". In: Frontiers in Genetics. 12. 10.3389/fgene.2021.740167.

Pranala luar

Center for the Study of Eurasian Nomads (csen.org) (dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika)
- Late Bronze Age Indo-Iranians in Central Asia (dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika)
- Sintashta-Arkaim Culture (dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika)
The Discovery of Sintashta (dalam bahasa Rusia)
Archaic Motifs in North Russian Folk Embroidery and Parallels in Ancient Ornamental Designs of the Eurasian Steppe Peoples S. Zharnikova (dalam bahasa Rusia)

[Grigoriev-1] Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" Diarsipkan 2021-12-09 di Wayback Machine., in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.3: "...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..."

[Parpola-2] Parpola, Asko, (2020). "Royal 'Chariot' Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages", in Studia Orientalia Electronica, Vol. 8, No. 1, Oct 23, 2020, p.188: "...the Alakul’ culture (c.2000–1700 BCE) in the west and the Fëdorovo culture (c.1850–1450 BCE) in the east..."

[EOIC-3] Mallory 1997, hlm. 20–21

[4] Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press.

[5] Hoshko, Tatiana, (2019). "Oriental Technologies in the Production of Cauldrons of Late bronze Age", in _Historiography, Source Studies and Special Historical Disciplines_,SKHID No. 2 (160) March–April 2019, p. 87.

[6] Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. “The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan): An overview of major socio-economic changes, derived from funerary practices of the Andronovo and Saka populations of the Bronze and Iron Ages (2nd-1st millennium BCE)”, in: Nomad lives: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day, Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, pp. 479-503.

[7] Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. “The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan)", Summary (in French): "...Durant la première étape de la culture d’Andronovo (Bronze ancien à la fin du IIIe millénaire avant n.è.), le cheptel (principalement constitué de bovins) était réduit et le fourrage naturel n’était nullement difficile à trouver dans les pâturages proches des habitations..."

[Beckwith49-8] Beckwith 2009, hlm. 49: "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians."

[9] Allentoft, Morten; Sikora, Martin (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507.

[GE-10] Ensiklopedia Besar Soviet, Artikel: "Andronovo".

[11] Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" Diarsipkan 2021-12-09 di Wayback Machine., in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.28: ".... The Fyodorovka dates in the north of the forest- steppe Tobol region are close to the dates in the Southern Transurals and lie in the interval of the 20th–16th centuries BC...Fyodorovka culture, in general, is synchronous with Alakul..."

[12] Diakonoff 1995

[13] Jia, Peter W., Alison Betts, Dexin Cong, Xiaobing Jia, & Paula Doumani Dupuy, (2017). "Adunqiaolu: new evidence for the Andronovo in Xinjiang, China", in _Antiquity 91 (357)_, pp. 632, 634, 637.

[14] Mallory, J.P., (1997). "Andronovo Culture", in J.P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams (eds.),_Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture_, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, London and Chicago, p. 20.

[Jia,_Peter_W._2017_pp._621-639-15] Jia, Peter W., Alison Betts, Dexin Cong, Xiaobing Jia, & Paula Doumani Dupuy, (2017). "Adunqiaolu: new evidence for the Andronovo in Xinjiang, China", in _Antiquity 91 (357)_, pp. 621-639.

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