Eumetazoa

Eumetazoa
Vremenski raspon:
Ediakaran, prije 635 miliona godina → Sadašnjost
Eumetazoa; Vremenski raspon:; Ediakaran, prije 635 miliona godina → Sadašnjost
	[[slika:\|200px\|Diverzitet Eumetazoa]] Diverzitet Eumetazoa
Sistematika
	Ctenophora ; † Trilobozoa; ParaHoxozoa (nerangirano) Placozoa; Cnidaria; Bilateria (nerangirano) Xenacoelomorpha; †Proarticulata; Nephrozoa (nerangirano) Natkoljeno Deuterostomia Chordata; "Ambulacraria" Hemichordata; Echinodermata; ; ; Protostomia (nerangirano) Natkoljeno Ecdysozoa Kinorhyncha; Loricifera; Priapulida; Nematoda; Nematomorpha; Onychophora; Tardigrada; Arthropoda; ; Spiralia (nerangirano) Orthonectida; Rhombozoa; Chaetognatha; Natkoljeno Platyzoa Platyhelminthes; Gastrotricha; Rotifera; Acanthocephala; Gnathostomulida; Micrognathozoa; Cycliophora; ; Superphylum Lophotrochozoa Hyolitha†; Nemertea; Phoronida; Bryozoa; Entoprocta; Brachiopoda; Mollusca; Annelida; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Sinonimi
	Enterozoa Lankester, 1877, em. Beklemishev; Epitheliozoa Ax, 1996; Diploblast Lankester, 1873; Histozoa Ulrich, 1950;

Eumetazoa (Grčki|grč.]] εὖ - eu = pravo, dobro + μετά - metá, poslije + ζῷον – zóon = životinja) ili Diploblasts, Epitheliozoa, Histozoa su pretpstavljeni bazni kladus životinja, sestrinska grupa Porifera.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Osnovni eumetazojski kladusi su Ctenophora i Parahoxozoa. U ovoj grupi bilo je i nekoliko drugih izumrlih ili nejasnih životnih formi, poput Iotuba i Thectardis.^[10]

Glavna opća obilježja eumetazoa uključuju pravo tkiva organizirano u klicine slojeve, prisustvo neurona i embrion koji prolazi kroz stupanj zvani gastrula. Neki filogenetičari spekulirali su da su spužve i eumetazoa evoluirale odvojeno od jednoćelijskih organizama, što bi značilo da životinjsko carstvo ne tvori kladus (kompletna skupina svih organizama potiče od zajedničkog pretka). Međutim, genetičke studije i neke morfološke karakteristike, poput uobičajene prisutnosti hoanocita, podržavaju zajedničko porijeklo.^[11]

Tradicijski, Eumetazoa su glavna grupa životinja u klasifikaciji "Pet carstava" Lynn Margulis i KV Schwartz, koja obuhvata Radiata i Bilateria - sve životinje osim morskih spužvi .^[12] Kada se tretira kao formalni takson, Eumetazoa se obično rangiraju kao potcarstvo. Naziv Metazoa takođe se koristi i za označavanje ove grupe, ali se češće odnosi na Animalia u celini. Mnoge sheme razvrstavanja ne uključuju podređeni rang Eumetazoa.

Taksonomija

Široko prihvaćena hipoteza, zasnovana na molekulskim podacima (uglavnom sekvence 18S rRNK) dijeli Bilateralia na četiri natkoljena:

Deuterostomia,
Ecdysozoa,
Lophotrochozoa , i
Platyzoa (ponekad uključene u Lophotrochozoa).
Poslednje tri grupe su također skupno poznate kao Protostomia.

Međutim, neki skeptici naglašavaju nedosljednosti u novim podacima. Zoolog Claus Nielsen tvrdi u svojoj knjizi "Evolucija životinja: Međuodnosi živih koljena" (Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla), 2001., podržava klasičnu podjelu Protostomia i Deuterostomia.

Evolucijsko porijeklo

Sugerirano je da jedna vrsta molekularnog sata i jedan pristup interpretaciji fosilnih apisa evolucijsko porijeklo eumetazoa smještaju u ediakaran.^[13] Međutim, najraniji eumetazoi možda nisu ostavili jasne fosilne zapise, a druga tumačenja molekulskih satova sugeriraju mogućnost ranijeg porijetkla.^[14] Otkrivatlji Vernanimalcula opisuju ga kao fosil bilateralne triploblastne životinje, koja se pojavila na kraju marinojske glacijacije gledenjaka prije ediakaranskog perioda, što podrazumijeva još ranije porijeklo eumetazoa.^[15]

Također pogledajte

Reference

^ Lankester, Ray (1877). Notes on the Embryology and classification of the Animal kingdom: comprising a revision of speculations relative to the origin and significance of the germ-layers. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science (N.S.), No. 68: 399–454.
^ Beklemishev, V.L. The basis of the comparative anatomy of the invertebrates [Основы сравнительной анатомии беспозвоночных]. 1st ed., 1944; 2nd ed., 1950; 3rd ed. (2 vols.), 1964. English translation, 1969, [1]. Akademia Nauk, Moscow, Leningrad.
^ Ax, Peter (6. 12. 2012). Multicellular Animals: A new Approach to the Phylogenetic Order in Nature (jezik: engleski). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642801143.
^ Ulrich, W. 1950. Begriff und Einteilung der Protozoen, in Moderne Biologie. Festschrijt 60. Geburt. Hans Nachtsheim, Peters, Berlin, 241-50.
^ Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017). "Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals". Current Biology (jezik: engleski). 27 (24): 3864–3870.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008. PMID 29199080.
^ Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (15. 12. 2015). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112. PMC 4687580. PMID 26621703.
^ Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric (3. 4. 2017). "A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals" (PDF). Current Biology. 27 (7): 958–967. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. PMID 28318975.
^ Giribet, Gonzalo (1. 10. 2016). "Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 14–21. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215.
^ Laumer, Christopher E; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G; Pearse, Vicki B; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C; Giribet, Gonzalo (30. 10. 2018). "Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias". eLife (jezik: engleski). 7. doi:10.7554/elife.36278. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6277202. PMID 30373720.
^ Martindale, Mark Q.; Kourakis, Matthew J. (1999). "Hox clusters: Size doesn't matter". Nature. 399 (6738): 730–731. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..730M. doi:10.1038/21530. PMID 10391234.
^ Philippe, H.; Derelle, R.; Lopez, P.; et al. (april 2009). "Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships". Curr. Biol. 19 (8): 706–12. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID 19345102.
^ Systema Naturae 2000 Taxon: Subkingdom Eumetazoa Arhivirano 22. 3. 2009. na Wayback Machine — retrieved February 2, 2006
^ Peterson KJ, Butterfield NJ (juli 2005). "Origin of the Eumetazoa: testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (27): 9547–52. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.9547P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503660102. PMC 1172262. PMID 15983372.
^ Blair, J. E.; Hedges, S. B. (mart 2005). "Molecular clocks do not support the Cambrian explosion". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (3): 387–390. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi039. PMID 15537810.
^ Chen, J.-Y.; Bottjer, D.J.; Oliveri, P.; Dornbos, S.Q.; Gao, F.; Ruffins, S.; Chi, H.; Li, C.-W.; Davidson, E.H.; et al. (9. 7. 2004). "Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian". Science. 305 (5681): 218–222. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..218C. doi:10.1126/science.1099213. PMID 15178752.

Vanjski linkovi

Commons logo

Commons ima datoteke na temu: Eumetazoa

Bilateria. Arhivirano 22. 3. 2021. na Wayback Machine Tree of Life web project, US National Science Foundation. 2002. 6 January 2006.
Invertebrates and the Origin of Animal Diversity
Evers, Christine A., Lisa Starr. Biology:Concepts and Applications. 6th ed. United States:Thomson, 2006. ISBN 0-534-46224-3.
TRICHOPLAX ADHAERENS (PLACOZOA TYPE) St. Petersburg. 2005
Metazoa: the Animals
Nielsen, C. 2001. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla, 2nd edition, 563 pp. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-850681-3
Borchiellini, C. Manuel; Alivon, E.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Le-Parco, Y. (2001). "Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 171–179. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x.
Peterson, Kevin J.; McPeek, Mark A.; Evans, David A.D. (2005). "Tempo & mode of early animal evolution: inferences from rocks, Hox, & molecular clocks". Paleobiology. 31 (Supp 2): 36–55.

Kategory:Animalia

[1] Lankester, Ray (1877). Notes on the Embryology and classification of the Animal kingdom: comprising a revision of speculations relative to the origin and significance of the germ-layers. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science (N.S.), No. 68: 399–454.

[2] Beklemishev, V.L. The basis of the comparative anatomy of the invertebrates [Основы сравнительной анатомии беспозвоночных]. 1st ed., 1944; 2nd ed., 1950; 3rd ed. (2 vols.), 1964. English translation, 1969, [1]. Akademia Nauk, Moscow, Leningrad.

[3] Ax, Peter (6. 12. 2012). Multicellular Animals: A new Approach to the Phylogenetic Order in Nature (jezik: engleski). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642801143.

[4] Ulrich, W. 1950. Begriff und Einteilung der Protozoen, in Moderne Biologie. Festschrijt 60. Geburt. Hans Nachtsheim, Peters, Berlin, 241-50.

[5] Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017). "Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals". Current Biology (jezik: engleski). 27 (24): 3864–3870.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008. PMID 29199080.

[6] Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (15. 12. 2015). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112. PMC 4687580. PMID 26621703.

[7] Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric (3. 4. 2017). "A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals" (PDF). Current Biology. 27 (7): 958–967. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. PMID 28318975.

[8] Giribet, Gonzalo (1. 10. 2016). "Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 14–21. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215.

[9] Laumer, Christopher E; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G; Pearse, Vicki B; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C; Giribet, Gonzalo (30. 10. 2018). "Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias". eLife (jezik: engleski). 7. doi:10.7554/elife.36278. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6277202. PMID 30373720.

[10] Martindale, Mark Q.; Kourakis, Matthew J. (1999). "Hox clusters: Size doesn't matter". Nature. 399 (6738): 730–731. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..730M. doi:10.1038/21530. PMID 10391234.

[11] Philippe, H.; Derelle, R.; Lopez, P.; et al. (april 2009). "Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships". Curr. Biol. 19 (8): 706–12. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID 19345102.

[12] Systema Naturae 2000 Taxon: Subkingdom Eumetazoa Arhivirano 22. 3. 2009. na Wayback Machine — retrieved February 2, 2006

[13] Peterson KJ, Butterfield NJ (juli 2005). "Origin of the Eumetazoa: testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (27): 9547–52. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.9547P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503660102. PMC 1172262. PMID 15983372.

[14] Blair, J. E.; Hedges, S. B. (mart 2005). "Molecular clocks do not support the Cambrian explosion". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (3): 387–390. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi039. PMID 15537810.

[15] Chen, J.-Y.; Bottjer, D.J.; Oliveri, P.; Dornbos, S.Q.; Gao, F.; Ruffins, S.; Chi, H.; Li, C.-W.; Davidson, E.H.; et al. (9. 7. 2004). "Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian". Science. 305 (5681): 218–222. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..218C. doi:10.1126/science.1099213. PMID 15178752.

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Eumetazoa

Taksonomija

Evolucijsko porijeklo

Također pogledajte

Reference

Vanjski linkovi

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