↑ 1.01.1Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". ใน Sydor A, Brown RY (บ.ก.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 375. ISBN978-0-07-148127-4. Long-term caffeine use can lead to mild physical dependence. A withdrawal syndrome characterized by drowsiness, irritability, and headache typically lasts no longer than a day. True compulsive use of caffeine has not been documented.
↑ 2.02.1Karch SB (2009). Karch's pathology of drug abuse (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 229–230. ISBN978-0-8493-7881-2. The suggestion has also been made that a caffeine dependence syndrome exists ... In one controlled study, dependence was diagnosed in 16 of 99 individuals who were evaluated. The median daily caffeine consumption of this group was only 357 mg per day (Strain et al., 1994). Since this observation was first published, caffeine addiction has been added as an official diagnosis in ICDM 9. This decision is disputed by many and is not supported by any convincing body of experimental evidence. ... All of these observations strongly suggest that caffeine does not act on the dopaminergic structures related to addiction, nor does it improve performance by alleviating any symptoms of withdrawal
↑ 3.03.1American Psychiatric Association (2013). "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders"(PDF). American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 1–2. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม(PDF)เมื่อ 15 August 2015. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 July 2015. Substance use disorder in DSM-5 combines the DSM-IV categories of substance abuse and substance dependence into a single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe. ... Additionally, the diagnosis of dependence caused much confusion. Most people link dependence with "addiction" when in fact dependence can be a normal body response to a substance. ... DSM-5 will not include caffeine use disorder, although research shows that as little as two to three cups of coffee can trigger a withdrawal effect marked by tiredness or sleepiness. There is sufficient evidence to support this as a condition, however it is not yet clear to what extent it is a clinically significant disorder.
↑Juliano LM, Griffiths RR (October 2004). "A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features". Psychopharmacology. 176 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2000-x. PMID15448977. S2CID5572188. Results: Of 49 symptom categories identified, the following 10 fulfilled validity criteria: headache, fatigue, decreased energy/ activeness, decreased alertness, drowsiness, decreased contentedness, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and foggy/not clearheaded. In addition, flu-like symptoms, nausea/vomiting, and muscle pain/stiffness were judged likely to represent valid symptom categories. In experimental studies, the incidence of headache was 50% and the incidence of clinically significant distress or functional impairment was 13%. Typically, onset of symptoms occurred 12–24 h after abstinence, with peak intensity at 20–51 h, and for a duration of 2–9 days.
↑"Caffeine". ChemSpider. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 14 May 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 November 2021.
↑ 8.08.18.2Poleszak E, Szopa A, Wyska E, Kukuła-Koch W, Serefko A, Wośko S, Bogatko K, Wróbel A, Wlaź P (February 2016). "Caffeine augments the antidepressant-like activity of mianserin and agomelatine in forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice". Pharmacological Reports. 68 (1): 56–61. doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2015.06.138. PMID26721352. S2CID19471083.
↑Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition Research (2001). "2, Pharmacology of Caffeine". Pharmacology of Caffeine (ภาษาอังกฤษ). National Academies Press (US). เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 28 September 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 December 2022.
↑"Caffeine". Pubchem Compound. NCBI. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 October 2014. Boiling Point 178 °C (sublimes) Melting Point 238 DEG C (ANHYD)
↑"Caffeine". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 14 May 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 October 2014. Experimental Melting Point: 234–236 °C Alfa Aesar 237 °C Oxford University Chemical Safety Data 238 °C LKT Labs [C0221] 237 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 14937 238 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 17008, 17229, 22105, 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895 235.25 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895 236 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895 235 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 6603 234–236 °C Alfa Aesar A10431, 39214 Experimental Boiling Point: 178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar 178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar 39214
↑Nehlig, A; Daval JL; Debry G (พฤษภาคม–สิงหาคม 1992). "Caffeine and the central nervous system: Mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects". Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 17 (2): 139–70. PMID1356551.
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↑Ortweiler W, Simon HU, Splinter FK, Peiker G, Siegert C, Traeger A (1985). "Determination of caffeine and metamizole elimination in pregnancy and after delivery as an in vivo method for characterization of various cytochrome p-450 dependent biotransformation reactions". Biomedica Biochimica Acta. Akademie-Verlag. 44 (7–8): 1189–99. ISSN0232-766X. PMID4084271.
↑Mrvos RM, Reilly PE, Dean BS, Krenzelok EP (ธันวาคม 1989). "Massive caffeine ingestion resulting in death". Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 31 (6): 571–2. PMID2617841.