成见威胁

成見威脅（英語：stereotype threat）是指一個人在某種環境裡，會擔憂或焦慮自己的行為，將會驗證那些對於自己所屬社會群體的負面刻板印象，而這種焦慮將會影響該人的表現，使得他的表現變差。成见威胁於1995年被引進至學術界上，從此成為社會心理學範疇上經常被目。

對表現的影響

有超過三百篇已出版的研究，都在多個領域裡發現了成見威脅對表現的影響。^[2]成見威脅是否會出現和任務是被貼上何種標籤有關。如果任務被貼上中性的標籤，那成見威脅就較不會出現；然而若測驗附有與既有成見相合的內容的話，那參與者就有可能會有較差的表現。像例如對西洋棋下棋者的研究顯示，若女性參與這被告知說對手是男性的話，她們的表現就會比預期的來得差；相反地，若女性參與這被告知對手是女性的話，其表現就會和依過去紀錄所預期的一致。^[3]被提醒說「女性在西洋棋方面的表現比男性差」這樣的刻板印象的女性參與者，其表現會較差。

参考文献

引用

^ Osborne, Jason W. Linking Stereotype Threat and Anxiety. Educational Psychology. 2007, 27 (1): 135–154. ISSN 0144-3410. doi:10.1080/01443410601069929.
^ Stroessner, Steve; Good, Catherine. Stereotype Threat: An Overview (PDF). dingo.sbs.arizona.edu. Reducing Stereotype Threat.org. [6 March 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-06-04）.
^ Maass, Anne; D'Ettole, Claudio; Cadinu, Mara. Checkmate? The role of gender stereotypes in the ultimate intellectual sport. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2008, 38 (2): 231–245. ISSN 0046-2772. doi:10.1002/ejsp.440.

来源

Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D., & Akert, A.M. (2005). Social Psychology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., Steele, C. M., & Brown, J. (1999). When white men can’t do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 29-46.
Sackett, P. R.; Hardison, C. M.; & Cullen, M. J. (Jan., 2004). On Interpreting Stereotype Threat as Accounting for African American–White Differences on Cognitive Tests. American Psychologist, 59(1), 7–13.
Steele, C. M. & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(5), 797-811.
Steele, C. M., Spencer, S., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Vol. 37. Academic Press.

延伸閲讀

Inzlicht, Michael; Schmader, Toni. Stereotype Threat: Theory, Process, and Application. Oxford University Press. 2011 [2020-12-12]. ISBN 9780199732449. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.
Gladwell, Malcolm. The Art of Failure: Why some people choke and others panic. The New Yorker. 21 August 2000 [29 May 2011]. （原始内容存档于14 May 2011）.
Walton, Gregory M.; Murphy, Mary C.; Ryan, Ann Marie. Stereotype rhreat in organizations: implications for equity and performance. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. April 2015, 2: 523–550. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111322.
Pruysers, Scott; Blais, Julie. Why won't Lola run? An experiment examining stereotype threat and political ambition. Politics & Gender. June 2017, 13 (2): 232–252. doi:10.1017/S1743923X16000544.
Spencer SJ, Logel C, Davies PG. Stereotype Threat. Annual Review of Psychology. January 2016, 67: 415–37. PMID 26361054. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-073115-103235.

外部連結

American Psychology Association statement: "Stereotype Threat Widens Achievement Gap" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
"Understanding Stereotype Threat" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from University of California, Berkeley
"Reducing Stereotype Threat" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from Washington University in St. Louis

[1] Osborne, Jason W. Linking Stereotype Threat and Anxiety. Educational Psychology. 2007, 27 (1): 135–154. ISSN 0144-3410. doi:10.1080/01443410601069929.

[2] Stroessner, Steve; Good, Catherine. Stereotype Threat: An Overview (PDF). dingo.sbs.arizona.edu. Reducing Stereotype Threat.org. [6 March 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-06-04）.

[3] Maass, Anne; D'Ettole, Claudio; Cadinu, Mara. Checkmate? The role of gender stereotypes in the ultimate intellectual sport. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2008, 38 (2): 231–245. ISSN 0046-2772. doi:10.1002/ejsp.440.

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