旁观者效应(英語:Bystander effect)是一个社会心理学术语,在紧急情况下,一个人在有其他人在场时,出手帮助之機會降低,援助的几率与旁观者人数负相关。换句话说,旁观者数量越多,他们当中任何一人进行援助之機會越低。[1]
例子
1964年3月13日凱瑟琳·吉諾維斯兇殺案是旁觀者效應最著名之事例[2],也是社會心理學在這一領域進行研究之最初動機。
根据《新闻周刊》2021年3月的一篇事实核查文章,凱瑟琳·吉諾維斯案的報導(吉諾維斯遇害時多達38人袖手旁觀,任兇手三次行兇导致了吉諾維斯死亡)皆疑似為《紐約時報》記者查證不足下的杜撰,與警方資料有甚大差異[3]。
参见
参考资料
- ^ Aronson, E., Akert, R. D., and Wilson, T. D. (2006). Social psychology (6th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- ^ 旁觀者效應蒸發,還紐約清白. sa.ylib.com. [2019-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-25) (中文(繁體)).
- ^ Cagnassola, Mary Ellen. Fact Check: Did 38 Witnesses See Kitty Genovese Get Killed in 1964?. Newsweek. 2021-03-30 [2023-05-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-03) (英语).
外部链接
- "Don't Just Stand There - Do Something" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),Safety Canada, January 2004.
- The Bystander's Dilemma (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),Greater Good 3(2), Fall/Winter 2006-2007.
- "I kept saying, 'Help me, help me.' But no one did." (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Tara McCartney, The Guardian, August 4, 2005.
- "Act now to defy 'bystander effect'" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Craig Kielburger and Marc Kielburger, Toronto Star, March 29, 2007.
- "Police: Shoppers Stepped Over Victim" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Roxana Hegeman, Associated Press, July 4, 2007. (at SFGate.com)
- "A rape witnessed, a rape ignored" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Mara H. Gottfried, Pioneer Press, August 23, 2007.
- "ABC News: What Would You Do in a Hit and Run?" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Lauren Cox and Radha Chitale, ABC News, June 6, 2008.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20090504071949/http://www.ombudsassociation.org/publications/journal/ Dealing with—or Reporting—“Unacceptable” Behavior - with additional thoughts about the “Bystander Effect” © 2009 Mary Rowe MIT, Linda Wilcox HMS, Howard Gadlin NIH)
- 旁觀者效應蒸發,還紐約清白 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)-科學人2008年第77期7月號
- https://web.archive.org/web/20090504071949/http://www.ombudsassociation.org/publications/journal/ Bystander Training within Organizations, Maureen Scully and Mary Rowe, (PDF) The Journal of the International Ombudsman Association 2009, 2,(1)