ADAM17
Dizintegrin i metaloproteinaza 17 (ADAM17), također zvani TACE enzim koji konvertuje faktor tumorske nekroze-α), je enzim od 70 kDa koji pripada porodici ADAM (protein)a disintegrina i metaloproteinaza, aktiviranih prezentacijom supstrata.
Struktura
ADAM17 je polipeptid od 824-aminokiselina.[5][6] ADAM17 ima višedomensku strukturu koja uključuje pro-domen, metalo-proteazni domen, disintegrinski domen, domen bogat cisteinom, domen sličan EGF-u, transmembranski domen i citoplazmatski rep.[7][8][9] Domen metaloproteinaze odgovoran je za katalitičku aktivnost enzima, cijepajući proteine vezane za membranu, uključujući citokine poput TNF-alfa, kako bi oslobodio njihove rastvorljive oblike. Dezintegrinski i cisteinom bogati domeni uključeni su u ćelijsku adheziju i interakciju s integrinima, dok transmembranski domen usidrava protein u membrani. Citoplazmatski rep uključen je u intracelularnu signalizaciju i interakcije protein-protein. Aktivnost ADAM17 je strogo regulirana kroz više mehanizama, uključujući uklanjanje njegovog pro-domena i interakcije s regulatornim proteinima kao što su TIMP-ovi (tkivni inhibitori metaloproteinaza).[10]
Funkcija
Smatra se da je ADAM17 uključen u obradu faktora tumorske nekroze alfa (TNF-α) na površini ćelije, i unutar unutarćelijskih membrana trans-Golgijeve mreže. Ovaj proces, koji je također poznat kao 'odbacivanje', uključuje cijepanje i oslobađanje rastvorljivog ektodomena iz pro-proteina vezanih za membranu (kao što je pro-TNF-α) i ima poznati fiziološki značaj. ADAM17 je bila prva 'odbacivanje' koja je identificirana, a također se smatra da ima ulogu u oslobađanju raznolikih membranski usidrenih citokina, molekula ćelijske adhezije, receptora, liganada i enzima.a
Kloniranje TNF-α gena otkrilo je da kodira transmembranski pro-polipeptid tipa II od 26 kDa koji se ubacuje u [[ćelijska membraba|ćelijsku membranu tokom njenog sazrijevanja. Na površini ćelije, pro-TNF-α je biološki aktivan i sposoban je da indukuje imunski odgovor putem jukstakrinske međućelijske signalizacije. Međutim, pro-TNF-α može proći kroz proteolitsko cijepanje na svojoj amid]noj vezi Ala76-Val77, što oslobađa rastvorljivi vančelijski domen od 17 kDa (ektodomen) iz molekule pro-TNF-α. Ovaj rastvorljivi ektodomen je citokin, obično poznat kao TNF-α, koji je od ključne važnosti u parakrinoj signalizaciji. Ovo proteolitičko oslobađanje rastvorljivog TNF-α katalizira ADAM17.
ADAM17 može imati istaknutu ulogu u putu Notch signalizacija, tokom proteolitskog oslobađanja Notch ubutarćelijskog domena (iz Notch1 receptora) koje se dešava nakon vezivanja liganda. ADAM17 također regulira signalni put MAP kinaze, reguliranjem oslobađanja EGFR liganda amfiregulina u mliječnoj žlijezdi.[11] ADAM17 also has a role in the shedding of L-selectin, a cellular adhesion molecule.[12]
Aktivacija
Smatra se da je lokalizacija ADAM17 važna odrednica aktivnosti otpuštanja. Klasično se smatra da se obrada TNF-α odvija u trans-Golgijevom aparatu i da je usko povezana s transportom rastvorljivog TNF-α na površinu ćelije. Otpuštanje je također povezano s grupiranjem ADAM17 sa svojim supstratom, membranski vezanim TNF-om, u lipidnim splavovima..[13] Cjelokupni proces se naziva prezentacija supstrata i reguliran je holesterolom. Istraživanja također sugeriraju da većina zrelog, endogenog ADAM17 može biti lokalizirana u perijedearnom odjeljku, s tim da je samo mala količina TACE prisutna na površini ćelije. Lokalizacija zrelog ADAM17 u perinuklearnom odjeljku, stoga, povećava mogućnost da se ADAM17-posredovano odbacivanje ektodomena može dogoditi i u unutarćelijsknom okruženju, za razliku od konvencionalnog modela.
Dokumentovano je da je funkcionalni ADAM17 sveprisutno eksprimiran u ljudskom kolonu, s povećanom aktivnošću u sluznici debelog crijeva pacijenata s ulceroznim kolitisom, glavnim oblikom upalne bolesti crijeva. Drugi eksperimenti također sugeriraju da ekspresiju ADAM17 može inhibirati etanol.[14]
Interakcije
Pokazano je da ADAM17 ima interakcija sa:
Klinički značaj
Adam17 može olakšati ulazak virusa SARS‑CoV‑2, moguće omogućavanjem fuzije virusnih čestica s citoplazmatskom membranom.[20] Adam17 ima sličnu aktivnost cijepanja ACE2 kao TMPRSS2, ali formiranjem rastvorljivog ACE2, Adam17 zapravo može imati zaštitni učinak blokiranja cirkulirajućih čestica virusa SARS-CoV-2.[20]
Aktivnost Adam17 sheddase može doprinijeti upali COVID-19 cijepanjem TNF-α i receptora za interleukin-6.[20]
Nedavno je otkriveno da je ADAM17 ključni medijator otpornosti na radioterapiju. Radioterapija može izazvati dozno ovisno povećanje furinom posredovanog cijepanja proforme ADAM17 u aktivni ADAM17, što rezultira pojačanom aktivnošću ADAM17 in vitro i in vivo. Također je pokazano da radioterapija aktivira ADAM17 kod nemikrocelularnog karcinoma pluća, što rezultira gubitkom više faktora preživljavanja, aktivacijom puta faktora rasta i otpornošću na liječenje izazvanim radioterapijom.[21]
Reference
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- ^ Díaz-Rodríguez E, Montero JC, Esparís-Ogando A, Yuste L, Pandiella A (juni 2002). "Extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylates tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme at threonine 735: a potential role in regulated shedding". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 13 (6): 2031–2044. doi:10.1091/mbc.01-11-0561. PMC 117622. PMID 12058067.
- ^ Grieve A, Xu H, Künzel U, Bambrough P, Sieber B, Freeman M (april 2017). "Phosphorylation of iRhom2 at the plasma membrane controls mammalian TACE-dependent inflammatory and growth factor signalling". eLife. 6. doi:10.7554/eLife.23968. PMC 5436907. PMID 28432785.
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Dodatni izvori
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- Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (septembar 1996). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
- Black RA, Rauch CT, Kozlosky CJ, Peschon JJ, Slack JL, Wolfson MF, Castner BJ, Stocking KL, Reddy P, Srinivasan S, Nelson N, Boiani N, Schooley KA, Gerhart M, Davis R, Fitzner JN, Johnson RS, Paxton RJ, March CJ, Cerretti DP (februar 1997). "A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells". Nature. 385 (6618): 729–733. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..729B. doi:10.1038/385729a0. PMID 9034190. S2CID 4251053.
- Moss ML, Jin SL, Milla ME, Bickett DM, Burkhart W, Carter HL, Chen WJ, Clay WC, Didsbury JR, Hassler D, Hoffman CR, Kost TA, Lambert MH, Leesnitzer MA, McCauley P, McGeehan G, Mitchell J, Moyer M, Pahel G, Rocque W, Overton LK, Schoenen F, Seaton T, Su JL, Becherer JD (februar 1997). "Cloning of a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes precursor tumour-necrosis factor-alpha". Nature. 385 (6618): 733–736. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..733M. doi:10.1038/385733a0. PMID 9034191. S2CID 4335616.
- Maskos K, Fernandez-Catalan C, Huber R, Bourenkov GP, Bartunik H, Ellestad GA, Reddy P, Wolfson MF, Rauch CT, Castner BJ, Davis R, Clarke HR, Petersen M, Fitzner JN, Cerretti DP, March CJ, Paxton RJ, Black RA, Bode W (mart 1998). "Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (7): 3408–3412. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.3408M. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.7.3408. PMC 19849. PMID 9520379.
- Patel IR, Attur MG, Patel RN, Stuchin SA, Abagyan RA, Abramson SB, Amin AR (maj 1998). "TNF-alpha convertase enzyme from human arthritis-affected cartilage: isolation of cDNA by differential display, expression of the active enzyme, and regulation of TNF-alpha". Journal of Immunology. 160 (9): 4570–4579. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.160.9.4570. PMID 9574564. S2CID 54023449.
- Schroeter EH, Kisslinger JA, Kopan R (maj 1998). "Notch-1 signalling requires ligand-induced proteolytic release of intracellular domain". Nature. 393 (6683): 382–386. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..382S. doi:10.1038/30756. PMID 9620803. S2CID 4431882.
- Hirohata S, Seldin MF, Apte SS (novembar 1998). "Chromosomal assignment of two ADAM genes, TACE (ADAM17) and MLTNB (ADAM19), to human chromosomes 2 and 5, respectively, and of Mltnb to mouse chromosome 11". Genomics. 54 (1): 178–179. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5544. PMID 9806848.
- Lum L, Wong BR, Josien R, Becherer JD, Erdjument-Bromage H, Schlöndorff J, Tempst P, Choi Y, Blobel CP (maj 1999). "Evidence for a role of a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-converting enzyme-like protease in shedding of TRANCE, a TNF family member involved in osteoclastogenesis and dendritic cell survival". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (19): 13613–13618. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.19.13613. PMID 10224132.
- Cerretti DP, Poindexter K, Castner BJ, Means G, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Black RA, Nelson N (august 1999). "Characterization of the cDNA and gene for mouse tumour necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) and its location to mouse chromosome 12 and human chromosome 2p25". Cytokine. 11 (8): 541–551. doi:10.1006/cyto.1998.0466. PMID 10433800.
- Nelson KK, Schlöndorff J, Blobel CP (novembar 1999). "Evidence for an interaction of the metalloprotease-disintegrin tumour necrosis factor alpha convertase (TACE) with mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2), and of the metalloprotease-disintegrin MDC9 with a novel MAD2-related protein, MAD2beta". The Biochemical Journal. 343 Pt 3 (Pt 3): 673–680. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3430673. PMC 1220601. PMID 10527948.
- Kärkkäinen I, Rybnikova E, Pelto-Huikko M, Huovila AP (juni 2000). "Metalloprotease-disintegrin (ADAM) genes are widely and differentially expressed in the adult CNS". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 15 (6): 547–560. doi:10.1006/mcne.2000.0848. PMID 10860581. S2CID 36643322.
- Brou C, Logeat F, Gupta N, Bessia C, LeBail O, Doedens JR, Cumano A, Roux P, Black RA, Israël A (februar 2000). "A novel proteolytic cleavage involved in Notch signaling: the role of the disintegrin-metalloprotease TACE". Molecular Cell. 5 (2): 207–216. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80417-7. PMID 10882063.
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- Díaz-Rodríguez E, Montero JC, Esparís-Ogando A, Yuste L, Pandiella A (juni 2002). "Extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylates tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme at threonine 735: a potential role in regulated shedding". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 13 (6): 2031–2044. doi:10.1091/mbc.01-11-0561. PMC 117622. PMID 12058067.
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Vanjski linkovi
- CD156b Antigen na US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Lokacija ljudskog genoma ADAM17 i stranica sa detaljima o genu ADAM17 u UCSC Genome Browseru.
- Lokacija ljudskog genoma ADAM18 i stranica sa detaljima o genu ADAM18 u UCSC Genome Browseru.
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